<h1>Air travel with your baby</h1>
<img src="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/3.3.6.6.jpg" alt="Mother in airline seat with baby facing her in baby airline seat" width="650" height="406" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1206" />
<h2>Some things to consider before you plan to fly with your new baby: </h2>
<h2>Immunisations: </h2>
<span style="font-weight: 400;">Whilst airlines may accept babies older than seven days old for travel, be aware that newborn babies are still developing their immune system and so are at risk of picking up infectious diseases.  If possible consider having your baby's first immunisations administered before you travel.</span>
<h2>In-flight cabin pressure changes and babies' ears:</h2>

<span style="font-weight: 400;">During take-offs and landings, changes in cabin pressure can briefly affect the middle ear pressure and trigger severe ear pain.  To reduce the chances of your baby getting pain, encourage your baby to feed, or suck on a pacifier during take-offs and landings.</span>

<h2>Before booking:</h2>
<span style="font-weight: 400;">If you are traveling abroad, you will need a passport/visa for your baby.  Check individual airline websites for specifications on travelling with an infant. </span>

<div data-cat="relatedlinks" class="relatedlinks">

<a href="https://www.nhs.uk/chq/Pages/933.aspx?CategoryID=62&amp;SubCategoryID=63" type="nhs">Can I take my baby on an aeroplane?</a>

</div>

Air travel with your baby

<h1>Baby car seats and slings</h1>
<img src="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Car-seats-and-baby-slings-650x406.jpg" alt="Man straps baby into car seat" width="650" height="406" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-11871" />
<span>When travelling by car it is essential to place your baby in a suitable baby car seat. You will need the car seat to take your newborn baby home from hospital, so it is worth taking the time to find a suitable car seat during pregnancy.</span>

<span>Many parents also choose to carry their baby in a sling. The guidance in the link below shows how to do this safely.</span>

<div data-cat="relatedlinks" class="relatedlinks">

<a href="https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/pregnancy-and-baby/child-car-seats-and-child-car-safety/" type="nhs">Child car seats and child car safety</a>

<a href="http://babyslingsafety.co.uk/">Baby sling safety</a>
</div>

Baby car seats and slings

<h1>Baby's oral health</h1>
<img src="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/brushing-teeth-787630_1280_650x406.jpg" alt="Older baby holds baby toothbrush in their mouth" width="650" height="406" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-12010" />
<h2>Brushing</h2>
<ul>
<li>Start brushing your baby's teeth as soon as they come through the gum - usually at around 6 months old.</li>

<li>Use a baby toothbrush and a tiny smear of family or baby toothpaste, containing at least 1000ppm fluoride.</li>

<li>Don't rinse your baby's mouth after brushing.</li>

<li>Brush your baby's teeth twice a day - once at night and once during the day, usually in the morning.</li>
</ul>

<div data-cat="video" class="videoplayer">
NHS Oral health guidance for babies
<iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/-wJ_vMydc8g" frameborder="0" allow="autoplay; encrypted-media" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe>
</div>

<div data-cat="video" class="videoplayer">
Brushing for 0 to 3 year olds with Dr Ranj
<iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/owbp5F0K45c" frameborder="0" allow="autoplay; encrypted-media" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe>
</div>
<h2>Sugar</h2>
<ul>
<li>Too much sugar can harm your baby's new teeth.</li>

<li>Only give water or milk to your baby to drink. Fresh fruit and vegetables provide your baby with all the sugar they need.</li>

<li>Try not to give any food containing extra sugar - if you do, makde sure it is with a meal and not as a snack.</li>

<li>Fresh fruit and vegetables are tooth-friendly snacks just like cheese, rice cakes, breadsticks and plain yogurt.</li>
</ul>
<div data-cat="goto" class="goto">
<a href="https://www.nhs.uk/start4life/weaning/">Baby food advice from NHS Start4life</a>
</div>

<h2>Dentist</h2>
<span>National guidance advises that all babies should visit the dentist for the first time by their first birthday.</span>

<div data-cat="relatedlinks" class="relatedlinks">
<a href="https://dentalcheckbyone.co.uk">Baby dental check by first birthday</a>

Baby's oral health

<h1>Birth registration</h1>
<img src="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/3.3.6.5.jpg" alt="Mother holds baby while sitting in a hospital chair" width="650" height="406" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1205" />

<span style="font-weight: 400;">Following the arrival of your baby, the birth needs to be registered within 42 days (six weeks) at your local registry office. It is through this process that you will obtain a birth certificate. </span>

<span style="font-weight: 400;">The registration should be done in the borough you gave birth in. You may register the birth in a different area if this is more convenient, however your details will need to be sent to the borough in which you gave birth in order for them to generate a valid birth certificate.</span>

<span style="font-weight: 400;">The service is normally provided by appointment only, but this may vary from one area to the next. Please take the Personal Child Health Record (red book) and your baby’s NHS number with you, as the registrar may ask to see it.</span>

<div data-id="Birth registration for your region">Portal: Birth registration for your region</div>

Birth registration

<h1>Child benefit</h1>
<img src="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/childbenefit-300x187.jpg" alt="Child benefit form" width="300" height="187" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-6053" />

<span>Child benefit is a tax-free payment that is aimed at helping parents cope with the cost of bringing up children. You get Child Benefit if you’re responsible for one or more children under 16 (or under 20 if they stay in approved education or training). There’s no limit to how many children you can claim for.</span>

Find out more and how to claim:
<div data-cat="goto" class="goto"><a href="https://www.gov.uk/child-benefit">Child benefit</a></div>
<div data-cat="goto" class="goto"><a href="http://www.gov.uk/government/publications/child-benefit-claim-form-ch2">Child benefit claim form</a></div>

Child benefit

<h1>Getting practical help after birth</h1>
<img src="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Brown-signpost-650x406-300x187.jpg" alt="Signpost with a blank wooden signboard" width="300" height="187" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-13001" />
<span>Additional resources are available to help you with finances, housing, infant feeding, peer suppport, social activities in your local council area. Go to your council website to discover these and more resources.</span>

Getting practical help after birth

<h1>The Personal Child Health Record Book (the red book)</h1>
<img src="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/3.3.6.4.jpg" alt="Cover of the personal child health record book" width="650" height="406" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1204" />

<span style="font-weight: 400;">The Personal Child Health Record, or the red book as it is often called because of its red cover, is the main record of your child's health, growth and development from birth and through the early years.</span>

<span style="font-weight: 400;">You will be given your baby’s red book either in hospital or by your health visitor. You may be given individual sheets to put in the red book, please keep these sheets safe until you are able to add them to the book.</span>

<span style="font-weight: 400;">The red book provides guidance on screening tests, immunisation schedule, normal development and help and advice on looking after your child. Helpful tips on how to protect your child from passive smoking and how to tackle problems like constipation, crying, fever, fits, spots, rashes, sunburn and other common complaints are included.</span>

<span style="font-weight: 400;">Keep the red book safe and take it to all baby appointments. For the best long-term outcome for your child, you, and the people involved in caring for your child, it is recommended that you write down every item of relevant information in this book.</span>

<span>An electronic version of the red book is gradually being rolled out across the UK. You can see your child’s NHS records, and read important guidance from the NHS and other sources. In time, the eRedbook becomes a virtual keepsake that contains not only health information (such as immunisations and screening results) but also photos, notes and other information about your child.</span>
<span>Find out more and to register for it:</span>

<div data-cat="goto" class="goto">
<a href="https://www.eredbook.org.uk">eredbook</a>
</div>

<div data-cat="relatedlinks" class="relatedlinks">

<a href="https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/pregnancy-and-baby/baby-reviews/" type="nhs">Baby reviews</a>

</div>

The Personal Child Health Record Book (the red book)

<h1>Vaccinations</h1>
<img src="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/3.3.6.2.jpg" alt="A one day old baby boy having his first injection" width="650" height="406" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1203" />

<span>The best way to keep you and your baby safe from some serious diseases is to get vaccinated. It is important to make sure you and your baby have your vaccinations on time to protect against these diseases</span>

<span>The first vaccinations your baby will need are given at 8 weeks, 12 weeks and 16 weeks. Some babies may need a BCG vaccination earlier than this - speak to your midwife, GP or health visitor to find out if your baby needs a BCG.</span>

<span>To find out more information on vaccinations you can visit your local GP, speak to your health visitor or Children's Centre.</span>
<h2>Do you have an appointment for a vaccination?</h2>
<h3>Please make sure you keep it</h3>
<span>Vaccinations protect against serious illnesses now and in the future, so it's really important to keep up to date with jabs for you and your family.</span>
<span>This is particular important if you are pregnant or have small children.</span>
<span>You should attend your appointments as normal, as long as you don't have symptoms of COVID-19 and you are not self-isolating. Read the frequently asked questions below, or speak to your GP or health visitor if you are still unsure.</span>
<div data-cat="video" class="videoplayer">
New parent vaccinations 
<iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/in-bt42rkAk" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe>
</div>
<span>Video credit: NHS Suffolk and North East Essex Local Maternity System.</span>
<div data-cat="goto" class="goto">
<a href="https://www.cc4c.imperial.nhs.uk/~/media/cc4c/documents/advice-for-parents-about-routine-vaccinations-during-coronavirus-9620.pdf?la=en">Frequently asked questions</a>
</div>
<div data-cat="video" class="videoplayer">
TB, BCG and your baby
<iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/fs3ihqk3Jp4" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe>
</div>

<span style="font-weight: 400;">Follow the links below to find out about the NHS vaccination programme.</span>
<div data-cat="relatedlinks" class="relatedlinks">

<a type="nhs" href="https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/vaccinations/bcg-tb-vaccine-questions-answers/">BCG vaccination</a>

<a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/tb-bcg-and-your-baby-leaflet">BCG and your baby</a>

<a type="nhs" href="http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/vaccinations/childhood-vaccines-timeline">Childhood vaccination schedule</a>

</div>


Vaccinations

<h1>Baby and other practicalities</h1>
<img src="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/3.3.6.jpg" alt="Close up of baby clipped into a baby car seat" width="650" height="406" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1207" />
<div data-cat="submenu" class="submenu">

<a href="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/2018/08/20/vaccinations/">Vaccinations</a>

<a href="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/2020/05/21/babys-oral-health/">Baby’s oral health</a>

<a href="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/2018/08/20/778/">The Personal Child Health Record Book (the red book)</a>

<a href="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/2020/06/05/your-babys-development/">Your baby’s development</a>

<a href="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/2018/08/20/781/">Birth registration</a>

<a href="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/2019/05/30/child-benefit/">Child benefit</a>

<a href="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/2020/08/03/getting-practical-help-2/">Getting practical help after birth</a>

<a href="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/2018/08/20/784/">Air travel with your baby</a>

<a href="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/2020/05/19/baby-car-seats-and-slings/">Baby car seats and slings</a>

</div>

Baby and other practicalities

<h1>Antibiotics for newborn baby</h1>
<img src="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/Baby-antibiotics-300x200.jpg" alt="Glycemia test being performed on newborn baby" width="300" height="200" class="size-medium wp-image-17910" />
<h2>Known risk of an infection</h2>

<span>If you received antibiotics in labour only because of the known risk of GBS infection, this will be stopped at the time of the birth. For 12-24 hours after the birth, your team will monitor you and the baby for anything concerning, including signs of infection. The monitoring aims to identify early warning symptoms and signs. For the baby, this will include overall assessment and regular measurement of heart rate, respiratory rate, colour, temperature and feeding. The baby will stay with their mothers on the postnatal ward.</span>

<h2>Signs of a possible infection</h2>

<span>At birth, a baby doctor will review your baby’s risk of infection based on factors including your own signs infection, the course of your labour and an assessment of your baby. Your baby will be observed closely and have regular measurement of heart rate, respiratory rate, colour, temperature and feeding for at least 12 hours.</span>

<span>Depending on the risk of infection, your baby may need to have some blood tests to look for infection and be started on antibiotics. In this case, the neonatal doctors will put a tiny cannula in your baby’s hand or foot so that they can take some blood to test and give the antibiotics directly into a vein (intravenous). If antibiotics are required, your baby will receive these twice a day through the cannula and the ward staff will continue to monitor your baby closely as before.</span>

<span>Your baby can stay with you on the postnatal ward during this time. Should there be further concerns your baby may need to be admitted to the neonatal unit to enable close monitoring, further tests and necessary treatment. You’ll be able to visit your baby in the neonatal unit.</span>

<h2>Why does my baby need antibiotics?</h2>

<span>Antibiotics are started in babies assessed as being at significantly increased risk of infection. This is because infection in babies can be very serious if left untreated and even if your baby looks very well, they can become sick very quickly. The good news is that antibiotics can help keep your baby well.</span>

<span>The antibiotics must be given directly into their blood stream as babies are not able to absorb sufficient amount of antibiotics from their gut. You will be able to breastfeed your baby and the ward staff will support your feeding choices.</span>

<span>We want you to know that there are normally no side effects or allergic reactions with use of antibiotics in newborn babies. If you are unsure why your baby needs antibiotics, please ask the medical team to explain this to you.</span>

<span>Whilst you will have to be careful with the cannula when holding your baby, you will be able to do skin-to-skin and breast feed your baby.</span>

<h2>What tests will my baby have?</h2>

<span>If your baby requires investigation for infection, a number of blood tests will be performed, including:</span>
<ul>
<li>1)	CRP (C-reactive protein), which is produced by our bodies in response to an infection or inflammation. A high CRP can indicate the presence of an infection in the body.</li>

<li>2)	Blood cultures to identify if any bacteria are growing in the blood. This result may be available within 36-48 hours of the test.</li>
</ul>

<span>After 18-24 hours from birth, the CRP test will usually be repeated by collecting a small amount of blood from a heel prick.</span>

<span>If at any stage your baby’s health or any of the results are a concern, they may need more tests like a chest x-ray and/or a lumbar puncture to work out the site of infection and will require a longer course of antibiotics. The neonatal doctors will discuss this with you.</span>

<h2>How long will my baby need antibiotics?</h2>

<span>The length of time your baby needs antibiotics will depend on how your baby is doing and what the results show.</span>

<span>If your baby remains well, the CRP is not high and the blood cultures do not grow any bacteria, the antibiotics can usually be stopped after 36-48 hours. A longer course of antibiotics may be indicated should there be any concerns.</span>

<h2>When can we go home?</h2>

<span>At the time of birth, it is difficult to know when you and your baby will be able to go home. After 36-48 hours, the doctors will have a better idea of the duration of treatment required. Your team will continue to review you and your baby on the ward daily until they feel sure that you are both well enough to go home.</span>

<span>On discharge from the hospital, you will receive written information about the medical treatment delivered on the ward. You can share this with your community midwife and health visitor. Your GP will be sent this information.</span>

<h2>Guidance for next pregnancy if you or your baby was identified as having GBS</h2>

<span>If you become pregnant again, please inform the maternity care team looking after you that about the positive GBS result, so that they can offer antibiotics in labour to reduce the risk of early onset GBS infection in the baby.</span>

<h2>What should I do if I have worries?</h2>

<span>Ongoing maternity care is provided by community midwife, who are local to where you will be based after discharge from the hospital. The community midwife will make contact with you within 24-48 hours of being at home. They will support you and your baby’s care.</span>

<span>Should you have any urgent concerns regarding the health of you or your baby, please seek medical advice from your GP, NHS 111, 999 or attend your local Accident and Emergency department. For baby, these concerns may include baby showing abnormal behavior (for example, inconsolable crying or listlessness), being unusually floppy, has an abnormal temperature unexplained by environmental factors (lower than 36 or higher than 38 Degree centigrade), abnormal breathing (rapid breathing, difficulty in breathing or grunting) or change in skin colour (for example baby becomes very pale, blue/grey or dark yellow) or has developed new difficulties with feeding.</span>



Antibiotics for newborn baby

<h1>Babies and sleep</h1>
<img src="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/3.3.1.jpg" alt="Close up of young baby sleeping on their back" width="650" height="406" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1184" />
<div data-cat="submenu" class="submenu">

<a href="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/2018/08/20/730/">What is normal sleep?</a>

<a href="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/2018/08/20/reducing-the-risk-of-cot-death-sids/">Safe sleeping and reducing the risk of cot death</a>

<a href="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/2018/08/20/sharing-a-bed-with-your-baby/">Sharing a bed with your baby</a>

</div>
<span style="font-weight: 400;">Explore this video from AIMH UK to learn more about your babies sleeping patterns.</span>

<div data-cat="video" class="videoplayer">
Sleeping and Soothing
<iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/sHzjaKVo70o" title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe>
</div>


Babies and sleep

<h1>Baby care basics</h1>
<img src="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/3.3.2.2.jpg" alt="Mother sits on sofa holding up her new baby so it is level with her face" width="650" height="406" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1186" />
<div data-cat="submenu" class="submenu">

<a href="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/2018/08/20/740/">Soothing a crying baby</a>

<a href="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/2018/08/20/caring-for-the-umbilical-cord/">Caring for the umbilical cord</a>

<a href="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/2018/09/26/nappy-know-how/">Nappy know-how</a>

<a href="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/2018/08/20/bathing-your-baby-and-your-babys-skin/">Bathing your baby and your baby’s skin</a>

<a href="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/2018/08/20/dressing-your-baby/">Dressing your baby</a>

<a href="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/2020/04/27/handling-your-newborn-baby/">Handling your newborn baby</a>

</div>

Baby care basics

<h1>Caring for twins</h1>
<img src="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/3.3.4.jpg" alt="Twin babies lie next to each other under a baby blanket" width="650" height="406" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1192" />

<span style="font-weight: 400;">There are some unique challenges to looking after your twins (or more babies). Twins Trust and MBF (Multiple Birth Foundation) both offer advice and support for parents.   </span>
<div data-cat="relatedlinks" class="relatedlinks">

<a type="nhs" href="https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/pregnancy-and-baby/newborn-twins/">Newborn twins</a>

<a href="https://twinstrust.org/let-us-help/pregnancy-and-birth/coming-home.html">Twins Trust: Coming home with twins</a>

</div>

Caring for twins

<h1>Common baby concerns</h1>
<img src="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/3.3.5.jpg" alt="Sleeping baby" width="650" height="406" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1200" />
<div data-cat="submenu" class="submenu">

<a href="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/2018/08/20/eye-care/">Eye care</a>

<a href="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/2018/08/20/neonatal-jaundice/">Newborn jaundice</a>

<a href="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/2018/08/20/skin-rash/">Skin rash</a>

<a href="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/2018/08/20/reflux/">Reflux (possetting)</a>

<a href="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/2018/08/20/761/">Bumps and bruises</a>

<a href="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/2018/08/20/nappy-contents/">Nappy content</a>

<a href="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/2018/08/20/breasts-and-genitals/">Breasts and genitals</a>
<a href="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/2021/02/11/mouth-oral-thrush/">Mouth (oral) thrush</a>

</div>

Common baby concerns

<h1>Getting to know your baby after birth</h1>
<img src="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Getting-to-know-your-baby_650x406.jpg" alt="Mother holding baby bends from the waist to kiss the baby's head" width="650" height="406" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-12278" />
<span>As with any relationship, it takes time to get to know your new baby. Loving feelings can take time to develop. Feelings of inadequacy are common and completely normal.</span>

<div data-cat="video" class="videoplayer">

Best beginnings - Fathers
	
<iframe width="640" height="360" src="https://player.vimeo.com/video/170979298" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe>

</div>

Getting to know your baby after birth

<h1>Helping your premature baby to develop</h1>
<img src="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Helping-your-premature-baby-develop-300x201.jpg" alt="Premature baby in an incubator" width="300" height="201" class="size-medium wp-image-17531" />
<span>Having a premature baby is the beginning of a long and emotional journey towards going home. It can be a very stressful time for your whole family. A premature baby’s development happens in the same order as it would have happened in your womb. When your baby reaches certain health, growth and development milestones, you’ll be able to take them.</span>

<span>All babies are different, and their behaviour and development are different too. In premature babies, the differences have to do with how premature they were when they were born.</span>

<span>Below are some changes that you can expect and watch out for in your premature baby and what you can do to help their development.</span>

<table style="width: 100%;">
<tr background-color="#fff3b8" padding="10">
<td>
<p data-color="#644d45" text-align="left"><b>23 to 27 weeks gestation</b></p>
</td>
<tr>
<th><span><b>Weeks of gestation/Cues</b></span></th>
<th><span text-align="left"><b>What you can do to help</b></span></th>
</tr>

<tr background-color="#fdf5e3" border-bottom-width="2" border-color="#fff3b8" padding="5">
<td>
<span><b>23 weeks:</b> Eyes are closed. Little movement.</span>
<td>
<span>Ask your baby’s nurse to show you how you can touch your baby. Familiarise yourself with the BLISS family handbook.</span>
</td>
</tr>

<tr background-color="#fff" padding-left="5" padding="5">
<td>
<span><b>24 weeks:</b> Your baby’s skin is very thin and transparent.</span>
<td>
<span>Talk quietly to your baby as they can hear you.</span>
</td>
</tr>

<tr background-color="#fdf5e3" border-bottom-width="2" border-color="#fff3b8" padding="5">
<td>
<span><b>25 weeks:</b> Your baby’s body is lean with no fat. His/hers arms and legs are limp. Your baby doesn’t yet have good muscle tone.</span>
<td>
<span>Ask your baby’s nurse about how to hold and position your baby.
Leave a small piece of cloth that smells of you with your baby.</span>
</td>
</tr>

<tr background-color="#fff" padding-left="5" padding="5">
<td>
<span><b>26 weeks:</b> Your baby’s eyes will start to open but they can’t focus yet. Your baby will sleep a lot. The breath triggering part of your baby’s brain hasn’t fully developed yet, so pauses between breaths are common.</span>
</td>
<td>
<span>Keep the lights as dim as possible. Shield your baby’s eyes from bright light to enable your baby to try and open their eyes.
</span>
</td>
</tr>

<tr><tr background-color="#fdf5e3" border-bottom-width="2" border-color="#fff3b8" padding="5">
<td>
<span><b>27 weeks:</b> Your baby may startle at loud noises.</span>
</td>
<td>
<span>Avoid sudden noises. Remember positioning.
</span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>


<table style="width: 100%;">
<tr background-color="#fff3b8" padding="10">
<td>
<p data-color="#644d45" text-align="left"><b>28 to 32 weeks gestation</b></p>
</td>

<tr>
<th><span>Weeks of gestation/Cues</span></th>
<th><span text-align="left">What you can do to help</span></th>
</tr>

<tr background-color="#fdf5e3" border-bottom-width="2" border-color="#fff3b8" padding="5">
<td>
<span><b>28 weeks:</b> Your baby’s movements may be jerky and jittery.
 Their hand grasp and sucking reflexes appear but these will be weak.
</span>
<td>
<span>Ask the nurse about skin to skin contact (kangaroo mother care).
Let your baby gently hold your finger. Your baby may take a non-nutritive tool.
</span>
</td>
</tr>

<tr background-color="#fff" padding-left="5" padding="5">
<td>
<span><b>29 weeks:</b> The ability to hear and smell will allow your baby to recognise you.</span>
<td>
<span>Talk softly to your baby when you visit. You may like to read short stories, nursery rhymes or sing to your baby.</span>
</td>
</tr>

<tr background-color="#fdf5e3" border-bottom-width="2" border-color="#fff3b8" padding="5">
<td>
<span><b>30 weeks:</b> Your baby has periods of alertness and sleep
Your baby may recognise your face now.</span>
<td>
<span>Try to observe the periods of alertness in your baby, to allow them to look at you and interact</span>
</td>
</tr>

<tr background-color="#fff" padding-left="5" padding="5">
<td>
<span><b>31 weeks:</b> Your baby may be able to keep his/hers eyes open wide for a time.</span>
</td>
<td>
<span>Move your face back and forth slowly and your baby may follow you and your eyes.</span>
</td>
</tr>

<tr background-color="#fdf5e3" border-bottom-width="2" border-color="#fff3b8" padding="5">
<td>
<span><b>32 weeks:</b> Your baby will be more interested in sucking and may appear to suck the feeding tube.</span>
</td>
<td>
<span>Offer a non-nutritive feed with tube feeds. Speak to your baby’s nurse about cup feeds if appropriate.</span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>


<table style="width: 100%;">
<tr background-color="#fff3b8" padding="10">
<td>
<p data-color="#644d45" text-align="left"><b>33 to 37 weeks gestation</b></p>
</td>

<tr>
<th><span><b>Weeks of gestation/Cues</b></span></th>
<th><span text-align="left"><b>What you can do to help</b></span></th>
</tr>

<tr background-color="#fdf5e3" border-bottom-width="2" border-color="#fff3b8" padding="5">
<td>
<span><b>33 weeks:</b> There are clear sleep and awake cycles.
Your baby will be moving around in the cot and incubator a lot.</span>
<td>
<span>Provide a calm environment around feeding time to enable your baby to focus on sucking, swallowing and breathing.</span>
</td>
</tr>

<tr background-color="#fff" padding-left="5" padding="5">
<td>
<span><b>34 weeks:</b> Your baby may be sucking on hands and non-nutritive tools.</span>
<td>
<span>Offer the breast, or start using your own bottles and teats. Hold your baby still rather than rocking them to enable them to gradually become accustomed to position changes.</span>
</td>
</tr>

<tr background-color="#fdf5e3" border-bottom-width="2" border-color="#fff3b8" padding="5">
<td>
<span><b>35 weeks:</b> Your baby may wake up when hungry, may cry with a wet or dirty nappy.</span>
<td>
<span>Allow your baby to gaze at your face. Talk or sing in a soft voice whilst your baby is in light sleep.</span>
</td>
</tr>

<tr background-color="#fff" padding-left="5" padding="5">
<td>
<span><b>36 weeks:</b> Your baby may have a more consistent sleep/wake cycle. Your baby may want to be held and cuddled more.</span>
</td>
<td>
<span>Parents’ voices, smells and faces are very important.</span>
</td>
</tr>

<tr><tr background-color="#fdf5e3" border-bottom-width="2" border-color="#fff3b8" padding="5">
<td>
<span><b>37 weeks:</b> Your baby should be gaining more weight and has fuller cheeks.</span>
</td>
<td>
<span>Spend as much time as you can with your baby. If you haven’t talked about or arranged an overnight stay, this is a good time to book it.  Ask the team about resuscitation training.</span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>

<h2>37 weeks onwards</h2>
<span>As long as your baby is well, now is the time to start building on what you and your baby have been doing from 35 weeks.</span>
<span>Your baby should be gaining weight well, maintaining their temperature in an open cot and breast or bottle feeding.</span>
<ul>
<li>Take short walks with your baby and try short periods of time with your baby in a bouncy chair.</li>
<li>Use more interactive and visually stimulating toys.</li>
<li>Talk to the neonatal team about structuring your baby’s day i.e. day/night/bath time/playtime.</li>
<li>Make sure your home is ready for discharge.</li>
<li>Make sure the baby’s Red Book (Personal Child Health Record Book) is completed before discharge from hospital.</li>
</ul>

Helping your premature baby to develop

<h1>Keeping your baby warm after birth</h1>
<img src="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/newborn-for-keeping-baby-warm.jpg" alt="Baby wearing a sleep suit and a baby beanie hat" width="650" height="406" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-11410" />
<h2>Why is this important?</h2>

<span>If a baby becomes cold after the birth, the baby can be at risk of developing hypothermia.</span>

<span>Hypothermia is a condition where the body temperature drops to a dangerously low level. In a newborn, this occurs when the baby's temperature drops below 36.5°C.</span>

<span>A baby with hypothermia may have problems breathing regularly and maintaining their blood sugar and may result in admission to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) for treatment.</span>

<span>Leaving the warmth of the womb at birth, the wet newborn baby comes into a much colder environment and immediately starts to lose heat. Most of this heat loss occurs within the first few minutes after birth and if not kept warm in the first 10-20 minutes, the baby may lose enough heat for their body temperature to fall to a very low level.</span>

<span>Some babies are more at risk of getting cold, these include:</span>
<ul>
<li>Preterm babies born at less than 37 weeks' gestation</li>
<li>Babies with low birth weight</li>
<li>Babies of mothers who are diabetic</li>
<li>Babies who need to be resuscitated at birth</li>
<li>Babies where the mother has an infection in labour</li>
</ul>
<span>However, all babies are susceptible to hypothermia in the first few hours after the birth, so it is important to take simple measures after the birth to keep your baby warm.</span>

<h2>What will my maternity team do to ensure that my baby is keep warm?</h2>
<ul>
<li>Ensure the temperature of the birth room is at least 24°C</li>
<li>Check the air conditioning and fans in the birth room are turned off or facing away from the baby</li>
<li>Keep windows closed</li>
<li>Turn on heaters if appropriate</li>
<li>After the birth, your baby will be dried immediately and a hat will be put on your baby's head.</li>
</ul>

<span>If there are additional risk factors, then a hat will be placed on your baby's head to alert all team members that your baby is more at risk of getting cold.</span>
<span>Once your baby is dried, the wet towel used to dry your baby will be removed and replaced with a blanket.</span>
<span>During skin to skin contact, your baby will be covered with blankets.</span>
<span>You will be encouraged to feed your baby or express your breast milk and give your baby within an hour of birth.</span>
<span>Bathing your baby should wait until the baby has adjusted to the environment and maintains its temperature.</span>
<span>The baby's temperature will be checked shortly after the birth to ensure that this is within the normal range.</span>

<h2>How can you help your baby?</h2>
<span>As parents, you can help the maternity team in ensuring that your baby is kept warm. There are many things you can do to help:</span>
<ul>
<li>Tell a midwife or support worker if the birth room is not warm enough. This is very important just before and in the hours after the birth.</li>
<li>This may mean reminding a midwife or support worker to close windows and turn off the air conditioning/fans, or turn up the heaters.</li>
<li>Ensure that during skin-to-skin contact your baby is covered with blankets.</li>
<li>Ensure tht your baby keeps the hat on for the first 12 hours; as much as 25% of heat loss will be from the baby's head if it is not covered.</li>
<li>If a hat has been put on your baby's head then please keep this in place for 12 hours. You can usually then remove the hat and replace it with one of your own baby hats.</li>
<li>When dressing your baby for the time, warm the clothes and blankets beforehand. You can do this by placing the baby clothes against your skin or under your clothes.</li>
<li>When in the cot, ensure that your baby is adequately covered. Babies usually need one or two more layers of clothing or bedding than adults.</li>
<li>Tell a midwife or support worker if you think your baby's breathing is not normal.</li>
<li>If you notice that your baby is breathing very fast for a continuous period (more than 60 breaths per minute), or seems to be struggling to breathe, with nostrils flaring or making noises wih each breath, then please tell a member of your maternity team.</li>
<li>Babies use up energy to keep themselves warm, there you will be encouraged to feed your baby regularly and will be supported in doing so. Some babies may need more frequent feeds. However, a well baby will need to have feeds at least every three hours for the first few days of life.</li>
</ul>
<h2>How long should I take these measures for?</h2>
<span>If kept warm, once the baby is around six hours old, then will then usually be able to maintain their temperature at a normal level. The observation of your baby's temperature will continue for at least 12 hours. Some babies that are unwell or vulnerable at the time of birth (for example, a baby with a low birth weight) may need support to keep warm for a longer period of time.</span>
<span>If you have any questions, please ask one of the midwives or support workers.</span>

Keeping your baby warm after birth

<h1>Knowing your baby is well</h1>
<img src="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/3.3.3.jpg" alt="Close up of smiling mother holding her baby close to her face" width="650" height="406" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-2897" />

<span style="font-weight: 400;">If you are concerned about your baby's health at any time, please contact NHS 111 service for advice, call 999 or take your newborn to your local A&amp;E or urgent care centre as soon as possible. </span>

<span style="font-weight: 400;">Abnormal symptoms can be:</span>
<ul>
 	<li>your baby is pale, floppy or unresponsive</li>
 	<li>your baby is grunting and/or breathing fast and the breathing appears laboured, with the chest sucked in or nostrils flaring</li>
	<li>bulging soft spot (fontanelle)</li>
	<li>stiff neck</li>
	<li>seizures (convulsions)</li>
	<li>projectile vomiting</li>
	<li>non-blanching rash (a rash which does not disappear with pressure)</li>
	<li>jaundice (yellow colour of skin or whites of eyes) in the first 24 hours after birth. See:</li>
	</ul>
<div data-cat="goto" class="goto">
<a href="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/2018/08/20/neonatal-jaundice/" internal="true">Newborn jaundice</a>
</div>
<ul>
 	<li>your baby’s jaundice appears to be worsening in combination with any of the following: severe lethargy, reluctance to feed, minimal wet/dry nappies or pale/white stools. See:</li>
</ul>
<div data-cat="goto" class="goto">
<a href="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/2018/08/20/nappy-contents/" internal="true">Nappy content</a>
</div>
<ul>
 	<li>your baby is not feeding as well as before</li>
 	<li>your baby has a continued high pitched or weak cry which cannot be settled with normal measures such as feeding, cuddling, nappy change etc.</li>
 	<li>your baby feels hot or cold (if you have a thermometer your baby's temperature should be between 36.5°C and 37.5°C).</li>
 	<li>your baby has a rash or blisters on the skin.</li>
	<li>green-coloured vomit</li>
</ul>

<h2>Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)</h2>
<span>RSV is one of the common viruses that cause coughs and colds in winter. Babies born prematurely and young children may be at greater risk of becoming unwell.</span>

<span>RSV infection causes symptoms similar to a cold, including runny nose, sneezing or nasal congestion, cough, and fever. Ear infections and croup (a barking cough caused by inflammation of the upper airways) can also occur in children. RSV is the leading cause of bronchiolitis, an infection of the small airways in the lung, which makes breathing harder and causes difficulty feeding. You should seek medical help whenever you are concerned about your baby's wellbeing.</span>

<span style="font-weight: 400;">Download The Lullaby Trust Baby check app to support you in identifying if your baby is unwell.</span>


<div data-cat="relatedlinks" class="relatedlinks">

<a href="https://www.lullabytrust.org.uk/safer-sleep-advice/baby-check-app/">The Lullaby Trust Baby check app</a>

<a type="nhs" href="https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/baby/health/is-your-baby-or-toddler-seriously-ill/">Is your baby or toddler seriously ill?</a>

<a type="nhs" href="https://www.england.nhs.uk/coronavirus/wp-content/uploads/sites/52/2020/04/Coronavirus-Parent-information-for-newborn-babies-leaflet-FINAL-070420.pdf">Illness in newborn babies</a>

<a href="https://www.redcross.org.uk/babyandchildapp">British Red Cross: First aid skills and techniques</a>

</div>

Knowing your baby is well

<h1>Smoking in the home</h1>
<img src="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/smokingafterpregnacyimage-300x187.jpg" alt="Close up of baby's hand clasping adult forefinger" width="300" height="187" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-10080" />
<span>It may be tempting to start smoking again after the birth of your baby. However, second-hand smoke can still cause great harm to you, your family, and especially your new-born baby. Studies show that smoking during and after pregnancy can put your baby at risk of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS). Here are some benefits of keeping your home smoke-free:</span>
<ul>
 	<li>babies and children from smoke-free homes are less likely to get illnesses such as asthma and meningitis.</li>
 	<li>children that grow up in smoke-free homes are less likely to become smokers themselves.</li>
 	<li>you are less likely to experience accidents caused by smoking, such as fire and injuries.</li>
</ul>
<h2>Support</h2>
<span>You are much more likely to quit for good with the help of a trained stop smoking advisor. Your midwife or GP can refer you to local smoking cessation services or you can self-refer via the NHS Smoking Helpline on <a href="tel://0300 123 1044">0300 123 1044</a>.</span>
<span>The type of stop smoking support you receive will depend on where you live and your personal preferences. Stop smoking services usually offer:</span>
<ul>
 	<li>Weekly support either face-to-face, over the phone or online</li>
 	<li>Free medication or medication on prescription to help you stop smoking</li>
</ul>
<span>All nicotine replacement therapies are safe to use during breastfeeding.</span>
<h2>E-cigarettes</h2>
<span>Although not risk free, e-cigarettes carry a small fraction of the risk of smoking. If using an e-cigarette or ‘vaping’ helps you stay smoke free, it is far safer for you and your baby than continuing to smoke. If you want to use an e-cigarette, you can still get free expert help from a specialist stop smoking advisor.</span>

<div data-cat="relatedlinks" class="relatedlinks">

<a type="nhs" href="https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/baby/breastfeeding-and-bottle-feeding/breastfeeding-and-lifestyle/smoking/">Smoking and breastfeeding</a>

<a href="http://www.smokefreefamilies.co.uk/">Smoke-free homes</a>

<a href="https://www.lullabytrust.org.uk/safer-sleep-advice/smoking/">Safer sleep</a>

</div>

Smoking in the home

<h1>What if my baby needs additional support?</h1>
<img src="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Neonatal-baby-650x406.jpg" alt="Baby viewed through the porthole of an incubator" width="650" height="406" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-12385" alt="baby in care TEST" />
<span>Transitional care is when you and your baby stay together in hospital with support from the hospital staff. It means that your baby is well enough to stay with you either on the postnatal ward or a room near the neonatal unit. You will be in hospital with your baby. Common reasons for a baby requiring transitional care include:</span>
<ul>
 	<li>babies born early between 33 and 35 weeks</li>
 	<li>babies with jaundice requiring treatment</li>
 	<li>babies needing antibiotic treatment</li>
 	<li>babies requiring extra support with their feeding.</li>
</ul>
<span>Your baby will be reviewed regularly by one of the neonatal doctors or nurses whilst they are in transitional care and the treatment plan will be discussed with you.</span>

<span>Some babies may need more care than can be provided on the postnatal ward or in transitional care and they are admitted to the neonatal unit. The main reasons for a baby to be admitted are that they are born prematurely, have a low birth weight or have a specific medical condition which needs treatment in hospital. When your baby is admitted one of the neonatal team will be able to update you on your baby’s condition and progress. You will be able to visit your baby at any time on the neonatal unit.</span>

<span>Neonatal care is organised across the country in regional networks of neonatal units. The units provide different levels of care to babies depending on how early or unwell they are.</span>

<span>If there is a suspicion that your baby will need a higher level of care than the hospital you are in can provide, you may be moved to a different hospital before your baby is born. This is called "In-utero transfer" (your baby is still in your uterus). If the move happens after your baby is born because they have arrived earlier than expected or are unwell, this is called "ex-utero transfer". The neonatal team will always ensure that you and your baby are not separated for any longer than is necessary.</span>

<span>There are three types of neonatal unit, which provide different levels of care depending on what your baby needs. These are:</span>

<span>Special Care Baby Unit (SCBU): the care provided here is usually for babies born after 32 weeks gestation, or babies who only require a low level of support, such as some oxygen or a drip for a short time.</span>

<span>Local neonatal unit (LNU): the level of care provided here is for babies who need more support than those in a SCBU, as they are born betwen 28 and 32 weeks gestation or are unwell and may require a short period of intensi ve care or high dependency care, including help with breathing.</span>

<span>Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU): this is for babies born earlier than 28 weeks gestation or those who are very unwell for other reasons. The NICU can look after babies of all gestations and is sometime called a "tertiary" unit. Some of these units specialise in surgery for baby or other types of highly specialised care. If your baby needs to be in a NICU, they will usually need to be on a breathing machine (ventilator).</span>

<span>If your baby needs to be transferred to another hospital after birth, the Neonatal Transport Service will come and look after your baby and transfer them to the new hospital. If you are well enough to be discharged you will be able to meet your baby at the new hospital. If you are not well enough suitable arrangements will be made for your ongoing care.</span>

<span>When your baby is well enough they will be moved back to the hospital that is closer to your home. This allows you and your baby to get to know the team who will be looking after them once they are discharged home.</span>

What if my baby needs additional support?

<h1>Caring for your baby</h1>
<img src="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/3.3.jpg" alt="Mother craddles her baby to her chest" width="650" height="406" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1208" />
<div data-cat="submenu" class="submenu">

<a href="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/2018/08/20/babies-and-sleep/">Babies and sleep</a>

<a href="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/2018/09/13/baby-care-basics/">Baby care basics</a>
	
<a href="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/2018/08/20/knowing-your-baby-is-well/">Knowing your baby is well</a>

<a href="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/2021/09/03/antibiotics-for-newborn-baby/">Antibiotics for newborn baby</a>

<a href="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/2021/08/26/helping-your-premature-baby-to-develop/">Helping your premature baby to develop</a>

<a href="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/2018/08/20/caring-for-twins/">Caring for twins</a>

<a href="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/2018/09/13/common-baby-concerns/">Common baby concerns</a>

<a href="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/2020/04/01/smoking-in-the-home/">Smoking in the home</a>

<a href="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/2020/04/29/keeping-your-baby-warm-after-birth/">Keeping your baby warm after birth</a>

<a href="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/2020/06/01/getting-to-know-your-baby-2/">Getting to know your baby after birth</a>

<a href="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/2020/06/10/what-if-my-baby-needs-additional-support/">What if my baby needs additional support?</a>
</div>

Caring for your baby

<h1>Bottle feeding</h1>
<img src="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/3.2.2.jpg" alt="Baby's bottle full of made up formula milk next to an open tin of formula milk powder" width="650" height="406" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1179" />

<span style="font-weight: 400;">These tips will help you keep your baby safe whether you are feeding expressed breast milk or formula milk via a bottle.</span>
<h2>Preparing bottles</h2>
<span style="font-weight: 400;">Bottles and teats need to be <b>thoroughly cleaned and sterilised</b> in order to kill any harmful bacteria. Formula milk powder is not sterile. Follow the instructions on your chosen steriliser regarding this. Formula milk should be made up in line with the packet instructions, always read the label carefully.</span>
<div data-cat="submenu" class="submenu">

<a href="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/2018/08/20/formula-feeding-advice/">Formula feeding advice</a>

<a href="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/2018/08/20/how-to-bottle-feed-your-baby/">How to bottle feed your baby</a>

</div>
<div data-cat="relatedlinks" class="relatedlinks">

<a href="https://www.unicef.org.uk/babyfriendly/baby-friendly-resources/bottle-feeding-resources/guide-to-bottle-feeding/">Guide to bottle feeding</a>

</div>

Bottle feeding

 <h1>Breastfeeding</h1>
<img src="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/3.2.1.jpg" alt="Close up looking over mother's shoulder as her baby is feeding from her breast" width="650" height="406" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1175" />
<div data-cat="submenu" class="submenu">

<a href="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/2018/08/18/value-of-breastfeeding/">Value of breastfeeding</a>

<a href="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/2018/08/18/696/">When to breastfeed</a>

<a href="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/2018/08/18/signs-of-good-feeding-needing-support/">Signs of good feeding/Needing support</a>

<a href="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/2018/08/18/699/">Help with feeding your baby</a>

<a href="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/2018/08/18/709/">Expressing milk</a>

</div>
<div data-id="Breastfeeding">Portal: Breastfeeding</div>
<span style="font-weight: 400;">Explore these related links for feeding resources and videos in other languages.</span>
<div data-cat="relatedlinks" class="relatedlinks">

<a href="https://globalhealthmedia.org/videos/breastfeeding/">Global Health Media, Breastfeeding videos in English and other languages</a>

<a href="https://www.unicef.org.uk/babyfriendly/baby-friendly-resources/foreign-language-resources/">UNICEF UK Baby Friendly Initiative, Foreign language resources</a>

<a href="https://www.laleche.org.uk/diabetes-and-breastfeeding/">Diabetes and breastfeeding - La Leche League GB</a>

<a href="https://www.nct.org.uk/baby-toddler/feeding/tips-for-dads-and-partners/how-can-dads-and-partners-support-breastfeeding" type="nct" >How can dads and partners support breastfeeding?</a>
</div>

Breastfeeding

<h1>Feeding your baby</h1>
<img src="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/3.2.jpg" alt="Mother sits on sofa craddling her baby in her arms" width="650" height="406" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1180" />

<span style="font-weight: 400;">You will be supported in the maternity unit and at home by midwives and maternity support workers however you choose to feed your baby.</span>
<div data-cat="submenu" class="submenu">

<a href="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/2018/08/18/breastfeeding/">Breastfeeding</a>

<a href="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/2018/08/20/bottle-feeding/">Bottle feeding</a>

</div>

<div data-cat="relatedlinks" class="relatedlinks">

<a href="https://www.unicef.org.uk/babyfriendly/baby-friendly-resources/relationship-building-resources/responsive-feeding-infosheet/" style="font-size: 1rem;">UNICEF UK Baby Friendly Initiative, Responsive feeding infosheet</a>

<a href="https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/baby/newborn-twins-and-multiples/feeding-twins-and-multiples/">Feeding twins and multiples</a>

<a href="https://www.laleche.org.uk/twins/">Twins and more - La Leche League GB</a>

</div>

Feeding your baby

<h1>Children’s and Family Centres</h1>
<img src="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/3.1.3.jpg" alt="Five babies wearing nappies sit in a row" width="650" height="406" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1167" />

<span>A Children’s and Family Centre is a place where parents and carers can go to enrich family life, connect with others and receive additional family support if needed. In some areas the Children's Centre may be called a Family Centre.</span>

<span>Facilities and services in Children's and Family Centres are designed around the needs of local families with children under the age of five.</span>

<span>A variety of sessions are available at your local Children's and Family Centre or Family Centre including postnatal appointments and checks, baby weighing clinics and breastfeeding support. Once your baby is six weeks old, you can access activities such as baby massage in a Children's and Family Centre. Visiting the Centre will give you the opportunity to meet other new parents and their babies. Please visit your local council's Children's and Family Centre timetables to see what sessions are available in your area.</span>

<span>Attending Children’s and Family Centres can help to reduce isolation that may be experienced by families with young children. Activities and services vary from centre to centre but can include - postnatal clinics, infant feeding drop-ins, stay and play sessions, baby massage, healthy eating sessions, parenting courses, English classes, advice around work, housing or finances, and more.</span>

<div data-id="Children's Centres websites by borough">
Portal Children's Centres websites by borough
</div>


Children's and Family Centres

<h1>Community postnatal contacts</h1>
<img src="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/3.1.4.jpg" alt="Mother has baby wrapped to her chest while she makes a mobile phone call" width="650" height="406" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1168" />

<span style="font-weight: 400;">You will be provided with a telephone number for your community midwife team before you go home from the maternity unit.  Please make sure you have this contact number before you leave.</span>

<span><b>For any urgent concerns</b> with your physical and emotional health, you can call the maternity triage/assessment unit where you had your baby (up to 28 days after birth). You can also speak to your GP or attend your local urgent care centre or A &amp; E department.  The NHS 111 service is available 24 hours a day, 365 days a year.</span>

<span>If you are being discharged to a community midwifery service belonging to a different maternity unit than the one you gave birth in, you should be given the appropriate contact details.</span>

Community postnatal contacts

<h1>Postnatal six week check for new mums</h1>
<img src="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/3.4.11.jpg" alt="New mum attends her GP's surgery for her six week check" width="650" height="406" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1215" />

<span style="font-weight: 400;">You will be offered a 6-8 week postnatal maternal check by the GP to ensure that you are feeling healthy and coping well. It is a chance for you to ask any questions, or address any concerns you may have.</span>

<span style="font-weight: 400;">These are some of the things your GP or health visitor will ask you about:</span>
<ul>
 	<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">your general wellbeing</span></li>
 	<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">your physical and emotional wellbeing    </span></li>
 	<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">any medication you are taking, and if this needs reviewing</span></li>
 	<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">whether your bleeding has stopped and if you have had a period</span></li>
 	<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">how your perineum/caesarean scar is healing</span></li>
 	<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">how are you feeding your baby and any concerns you have with this</span></li>
 	<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">your contraception choices and if you require any support or information about accessing appropriate contraception.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-weight: 400;">Before the six week check, it is recommended that you think about the following:</span>
<ul>
 	<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">any areas of concern that you have</span></li>
 	<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">any plans you may have regarding future pregnancies (the optimal time interval between birth and the next pregnancy is between 18 months and five years and another pregnancy within six months of birth increases the risk of that baby having a low birth weight and/or being born early)</span></li>
 	<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">the best contraceptive choice for you</span></li>
 	<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">the implications of any medical condition(s) that you may have experienced in or after pregnancy.</span></li>
</ul>
<div data-cat="relatedlinks" class="relatedlinks">

<a href="https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/pregnancy-and-baby/postnatal-check/" type="nhs">Your postnatal check</a>

</div>

Postnatal six week check for new mums

<h1>Screening tests for your baby</h1>
<img src="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/3.1.2.jpg" alt="New born baby yawns while holding their mother's finger" width="650" height="406" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1166" />

<span style="font-weight: 400;">When your baby is 5 days old, your health care professional will routinely offer screening tests for your baby. These may be offered to you at home or in a local postnatal clinic.</span>

<span style="font-weight: 400;">More information about screening tests can be found in the <a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/screening-tests-for-you-and-your-baby-description-in-brief">'Screening tests for you and your baby booklet'</a>. This is available to download in many different languages.</span>
<div data-cat="submenu" class="submenu">

<a href="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/2018/08/18/newborn-blood-spot-test/">Newborn blood spot test</a>

<a href="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/2018/08/18/hearing-test/">Hearing test</a>

<a href="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/2018/08/18/babys-six-week-check/">Newborn initial physical examination (NIPE)</a>

</div>
<div data-cat="relatedlinks" class="relatedlinks">

<a type="nhs" href="https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/pregnancy-and-baby/newborn-screening/">Newborn screening</a>
<a type="nhs" href="https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/696849/Screening_tests_for_you_and_your_baby.pdf">Booklet: Screening tests for you and your baby</a>

</div>

Screening tests for your baby

<h1>Your postnatal care team</h1>
<img src="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/3.1.1.jpg" alt="New mother in a hospital bed is brought her baby by a midwife while the mother's partner looks on" width="650" height="406" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1162" />

<div data-cat="submenu" class="submenu">

<a href="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/2018/08/17/646/">Midwives on the postnatal ward</a>

<a href="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/2018/08/17/community-midwife-and-support-workers-2/">Community midwife and support workers</a>

<a href="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/2018/08/18/health-visitor/">Health visitor</a>

<a href="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/2018/08/18/gp/">GP</a>

<a href="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/2018/08/18/obstetrician/">Obstetrician</a>

<a href="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/2020/06/10/paediatrician-neonatalogist-baby-doctor/">Paediatrician/Neonatalogist (baby doctor)</a>

<a href="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/2018/08/18/669/">Pelvic health (women's health) physiotherapists</a>

<a href="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/2018/08/18/multidisciplinary-professionals/">Multidisciplinary professionals</a>

</div>
<span style="font-weight: 400;">Use the related link below to learn about what you can expect from postnatal care.</span>
<div data-cat="relatedlinks" class="relatedlinks">
<a type="nice" href="https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng194">Postnatal care up to eight weeks after birth</a>

</div>

Your postnatal care team

<h1>Postnatal care explained</h1>
<img src="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/3.1.jpg" alt="New parents smile at their baby while touching their baby" width="650" height="406" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1169" />

<span>Postnatal care is the care you and your baby receive after birth. This care is often provided by a team of clinicians; including midwives, doctors and other specialist health professionals who will ensure you and your baby have regular checks following the birth.</span>
<div data-cat="submenu" class="submenu">

<a href="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/2018/08/17/your-postnatal-care-team/">Your postnatal care team</a>

<a href="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/2018/08/18/screening-tests-your-baby/">Screening tests for your baby</a>

<a href="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/2018/08/22/postnatal-six-week-check-for-new-mums/">Postnatal six week check for new mums</a>

<a href="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/2018/08/18/childrens-centres/">Children's and Family Centres</a>

<a href="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/2018/08/18/emergency-postnatal-contacts/">Community postnatal contacts</a>
</div>


Postnatal care explained

<h1>How you both might feel after the baby is born?</h1>
<img src="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/3.5.3.1.jpg" alt="Couple sit on bed while the mother breastfeeds the baby and her partner watches" width="650" height="406" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1240" />

<span style="font-weight: 400;">The birth can often feel like such a huge event that not much time or attention is given to fatherhood and parenting. Having a baby changes relationships, carries responsibility and has significant financial impact, whilst also being a time of intense joy and pride.</span>

<span style="font-weight: 400;">In addition to postnatal depression in new mums, it is now understood that up to 10% of new dads/partners can suffer from postnatal depression, so if either of you start to feel changes in your mood, talk to your family, friends and GP.</span>
<div data-cat="relatedlinks" class="relatedlinks">

<a type="nhs" href="https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/pregnancy-and-baby/relationships-after-a-baby/">Relationships after having a baby</a>

<a type="nct" href="https://www.nct.org.uk/parenting/changes-your-relationships-after-having-baby">Changes to your relationships after birth</a>

<a type="nct" href="https://www.nct.org.uk/parenting/postnatal-depression-dads">Postnatal depression in dads</a>

<a href="https://dadmatters.org.uk">Dads Matter</a>

</div>

How you might both feel after the baby is born?

<h1>What to do if we argue?</h1>
<img src="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/3.5.3.2.jpg" alt="Angry looking couple stand apart from each other with their arms folded" width="650" height="406" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1241" />

<span style="font-weight: 400;">Both parents may be physically and mentally drained by the birth and the first few weeks of your baby’s life. Speaking to each other about how you feel is an important way in which you can start to address some of the concerns new parents experience.  Support is available if you feel that your relationship is deteriorating. Follow the related links for self-help tips.</span>

<span style="font-weight: 400;">If arguments escalate into abusive behaviours, you can speak to a professional at the organisations below  in confidence:</span>

<b>Womens aid</b>

<span>Tel: <a href="tel://0808 2000 247">0808 2000 247</a></span>

<b>Mens advice line</b>

<span>Tel: <a href="tel://0808 801 0327">0808 801 0327</a></span>

<b>Switchboard LGBT+ Helpline</b>

<span>Tel: <a href="tel://0800 999 5428">0800 999 5428</a></span>

<span style="font-weight: 400;">Domestic abuse can happen to anyone and is known to increase in times of stress.</span>
<div data-cat="video" class="videoplayer">

What can we do if we argue?

<iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/009lo0O4GkA?rel=0&amp;showinfo=0" frameborder="0" allow="autoplay; encrypted-media" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe>

</div>
<div data-cat="relatedlinks" class="relatedlinks">

<a type="nhs" href="https://www.nhs.uk/live-well/healthy-body/getting-help-for-domestic-violence/#signs-of-domestic-violence-and-abuse">Signs of domestic violence/abuse</a>

<a href="https://www.relate.org.uk/relationship-help/help-family-life-and-parenting/new-parents/how-maintain-healthy-relationship-after-baby-has-been-born">Relate: Relationships after birth</a>

<a href="https://mensadviceline.org.uk">Mens advice line</a>

<a href="https://galop.org.uk/contact-us/">LGBT and domestic abuse helpline</a>

</div>

What to do if we argue?

<h1>Relationships after birth</h1>
<img src="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/3.5.3.jpg" alt="Couple both look fondly at the baby between them" width="650" height="406" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1242" />
<div data-cat="submenu" class="submenu">

<a href="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/2018/08/23/how-might-both-might-feel-after-the-baby-is-born/">How you both might feel after the baby is born?</a>

<a href="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/2018/08/23/what-to-do-if-we-argue/">What to do if we argue?</a>

</div>


Relationships after birth

<h1>Your baby's development</h1>
<img src="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Your-Babys-Development_650x406.jpg" alt="Smiling mother holds baby in outdoor setting" width="650" height="406" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-12280" />
<span>Babies are learning from adults as soon as they are born. At this age, your baby will love when you chat, play, sing and read to them, even when they are too young to understand everything.</span>

<h2>Chat</h2>
<span>Your baby starts trying to communicate with you from day one. You can practise communicating together to build your bond and help them develop. Your baby loves the sound of your voice, so little chats throughout the day will make them happy.</span>

<h2>Play</h2>
<span>Your baby starts exploring the world straightaway through movement, sights and sounds. Playing helps your baby get stronger, become more coordinated and learn new things.</span>

<h2>Sing</h2>
<span>Babies who are exposed to and engage in music, singing and rhyming regularly with parents and carers learn to speak more easily. They have more words to express themselves and are more confident and creative. Babies like hearing songs and rhymes over and over again.</span>

<h2>Read</h2>
<span>Reading to your baby has many benefits long before they can read or understand words. Your voice stimulates their brain and your voice is soothing to them.</span>

<h2>What to expect at six months</h2>
<span>Babies develop at different rates. However, understanding what is typical ccan help you indentify speech and language problems early. By six months, children will usually:</span>
<ul>
<li>Turn towards a sound/voice when they hear it.</li>
<li>Be startled by loud noises.</li>
<li>Watch your face when you talk to them.</li>
<li>Recognise your voice.</li>
<li>Smile and laugh when other people smile and laugh.</li>
<li>Make sounds to themselves, like cooing, gurgling and babbling.</li>
<li>Make noises, like coos and squeaks, to get your attention.</li>
<li>Have different cries for different needs. For example, one cry for hunger, another when they are tired.</li>
</ul>
<div data-cat="relatedlinks" class="relatedlinks">

<a href="https://small-talk.org.uk/0-6-months/">Small talk</a>

<a href="https://hungrylittleminds.campaign.gov.uk">Hungry Little Minds national campaign</a>

<a href="http://www.talktoyourbaby.org/p/home.html">Talking equals brain power</a>

<a href="https://www.nspcc.org.uk/keeping-children-safe/support-for-parents/look-say-sing-play/">NSPCC brain-building tips</a>

<a href="https://www.speechandlanguage.org.uk/talking-point/parents/ages-and-stages/">Developing between 0-6 months</a>

<a href="https://www.zerotothree.org/early-learning/screen-time">Reducing screen time</a>

<a href="https://harpforhospitals.com/baby-harp-nursery-rhymes/">Baby harp nursery rhymes</a>
</div>

Your baby’s development

<h1>Getting help</h1>
<img src="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/3.5.2.jpg" alt="Mother making mobile phone call with in a sling strapped to her" width="650" height="406" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1239" />

<span style="font-weight: 400;">It can be difficult to talk about how you are feeling and ask for help. </span>

<span style="font-weight: 400;">Common reasons for this are:</span>
<ul>
 	<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">you may not know what is wrong</span></li>
 	<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">you may feel ashamed that you are not enjoying your baby or coping as you believe you should</span></li>
 	<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">you may worry that your baby will be taken away.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-weight: 400;">Asking for help doesn’t mean you can’t cope or are not able to care for your child. It’s the start of getting the right help and support to ensure you can be the parent you want to be.</span>

<span style="font-weight: 400;">Try talking to someone you trust (friends or family) and contact your midwife, health visitor and/or GP to discuss how you are feeling. Your health care professionals are all trained to recognise postnatal depression and will be able to offer a range of support services to help you.</span>

<span style="font-weight: 400;">Women with more severe or complex illnesses, for example, severe anxiety, severe depression, psychosis and bipolar affective disorder, should be seen by a specialist perinatal mental health team.</span>
<div data-cat="submenu" class="submenu">

<a href="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/2018/08/22/self-help-tips-for-postnatal-emotional-wellbeing/">Self-help tips for postnatal emotional wellbeing</a>

<a href="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/2018/08/23/what-type-of-support-is-available/">What type of support is available?</a>

<a href="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/2018/08/23/talking-therapies-2/">Talking therapies</a>

</div>
<div data-cat="goto" class="goto">

<a href="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/2018/08/06/maternity-units/"internal="true">Contact my maternity unit</a>

</div>

<div data-cat="relatedlinks" class="relatedlinks">

<a href="https://www.beyondbirthlivinglibrary.org/" type= "nhs">Beyond Birth Living Library - parents helping other parents</a>

<a href="https://letsmush.com">Social network for mums</a>

<a href="http://www.birthtraumaassociation.org.uk">Birth Trauma Association</a>

<a href="https://apni.org">Association for Postnatal Illness</a>

<a href="https://www.makebirthbetter.org">Make Birth Better</a>

<a href="https://www.buzzsprout.com/961453/8413739-episode-55-birth-trauma">Birth Trauma: The Obs Pod, Episode 55</a>

</div>

Getting help

<h1>Loneliness: Emma's Diary</h1>
<img src="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/Loneliness-300x200.jpg" alt="woman sitting by a window looking sad" width="300" height="200" class="size-medium wp-image-17710" />

<span>Feeling lonely and isolated after the birth of a baby is not uncommon for new parents, particularly for those who may not have close family nearby for companionship and support.</span>

<span>Read the article in Emma's diary to find out what you can do if you feel lonely.</span>

<div data-cat="relatedlinks" class="relatedlinks">
<a href="https://www.emmasdiary.co.uk/wellbeing/postnatal/loneliness">Loneliness after having a baby and on maternity leave</a>
</div>


Loneliness: Emma’s Diary

<h1>Your emotional health</h1>
<img src="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/3.5.1.jpg" alt="Smiling mother holds her baby" width="650" height="406" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1235" />

<span style="font-weight: 400;">Having a baby can be joyful, exciting and rewarding. However, mothers and fathers can be under great pressure to act and feel happy and excited during pregnancy and after birth. The reality of transitioning to parenthood is quite different and you may be surprised to experience feelings you hadn't expected. Be assured: it is also common for new mothers or fathers to experience anxiety, depression or emotional distress.</span>
<span style="font-weight: 400;">As many as one in five women experience emotional difficulties during pregnancy and in the first year after their baby’s birth. This can happen to anyone.</span>
<div data-cat="video" class="videoplayer">

Perinatal positivity - a video developed by expert clinicians with local women and charities in North West London

<iframe width="640" height="360" src="https://player.vimeo.com/video/277677428?title=0&amp;byline=0" frameborder="0" webkitallowfullscreen="webkitallowfullscreen" mozallowfullscreen="mozallowfullscreen" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe>

</div>

<span>If you are experiencing emotional difficulties during this time, it may be that you are experiencing postnatal depression and anxiety. It can occur straight after the baby is born or months later. Each woman is affected in her own particular way but some of the common causes, symptoms and advice about what helps can be found in the pages and related links below.</span>

<div data-cat="submenu" class="submenu">

<a href="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/2018/08/22/baby-blues/">Baby blues</a>

<a href="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/2018/08/22/postnatal-depression-and-anxiety/">Postnatal depression and anxiety</a>

<a href="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/2018/08/22/postpartum-psychosis-pp/">Postpartum Psychosis (PP)</a>

<a href="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/2020/05/28/transition-to-motherhood/">Transition to motherhood</a>

</div>
<div data-cat="relatedlinks" class="relatedlinks">

<a href="https://www.nct.org.uk/parenting/your-emotions-after-birth" type="nct">Your emotions after birth</a>

<a type="nct" href="https://www.nct.org.uk/life-parent/how-you-might-be-feeling">Emotional and mental health</a>

</div>

Your emotional health

<h1>Your emotional health and wellbeing after birth</h1>
<img src="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/3.5.jpg" alt="Smiling couple with their baby" width="650" height="406" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-3348" />
<div data-cat="submenu" class="submenu">

<a href="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/2018/08/22/your-emotional-health/">Your emotional health</a>

<a href="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/2018/08/22/getting-help/">Getting help</a>

<a href="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/2021/09/02/loneliness/">Loneliness: Emma's diary</a>

</div>

Your emotional health and wellbeing after birth

<h1>Common physical concerns after birth</h1>
<img src="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/3.4.6.jpg" alt="Woman sitting in yoga pose with her knees splayed and her hands holding the soles of her feet against each other" width="650" height="406" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1227" />
<div data-cat="submenu" class="submenu">

<a href="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/2018/08/21/bleeding/">Bleeding</a>

<a href="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/2018/08/21/passing-urine/">Passing urine</a>

<a href="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/2018/08/21/opening-bowels/">Opening your bowels</a>

<a href="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/2018/08/21/bachache/">Backache</a>

<a href="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/2018/08/21/829/">Breast changes</a>

<a href="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/2018/08/21/after-pains/">After pains</a>

<a href="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/2020/06/05/fatigue/">Fatigue</a>

<a href="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/2020/06/10/12303/">Carpal tunnel syndrome</a>

</div>
<span style="font-weight: 400;">Find out more about how your body may feel after birth and how to support your physical recovery by exploring the links below.</span>
<div data-cat="relatedlinks" class="relatedlinks">

<a type="nhs" href="https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/pregnancy-and-baby/you-after-birth/">Your body after birth</a>

<a href="https://thepogp.co.uk/Resources/113/exercise_and_advice_after_pregnancy">Essential advice and exercises following childbirth</a>

</div>

Common physical concerns after birth

<h1>Commonly used medicines after birth</h1>
<img src="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Medications-2-650x406-1.jpg" alt="Pills spilling out of the neck of a medicine bottle onto a table top" width="650" height="406" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-12112" />
<h2>1. Analgesics (pain killers)</h2>
<h3>a) Paracetamol (500mg tablets)</h3>
<i>What is it used for?</i>

<span>Paracetamol works by relieving pain and lowering high temperature. It can provide effective reliefnfrom mild to moderate pain, including headache, toothache, sore throat,
symptomatic relief of rheumatic aches and pains, influenza symptoms and fever.</span>

<i>How do I take it?</i>

<span>Paracetamol can be taken regularly or when required for pain.</span>

<span><i>Dosage:</i> Adults and young persons aged 12 and over: take 2 tablets up to 4 times per day, as required. The tablets should be taken with water. Take only as much as you need to relieve symptom and leave at least 4 hours between each dose. Do not take more than 8 tablets in 23 hours.</span>

<i>What are the side effects?</i>

<span>Paracetamol is generally well-tolerated in most people.</span>

<i>Is it safe to use while breastfeeding?</i>
<span>Paracetamol is commonly used during breastfeeding.</span>

<h3>b) Co-dydramol</h3>
<i>What is it used for?</i>

<span>Co-dydramol (10/500 10mg dihydrocodeine and 500mg paracetamol) is a combination of paracetamol and dihydrocodeine. Dihydrocodeine is stronger than paracetamol and is used for the relief of mild to moderate pain.</span>

<span>If you have had a caesarean section or moderate pain post-delivery, then you may be given a box of 30 tablets of co-dydramol on discharge from hospital.</span>

<i>How do I take it?</i>

<span><i>Dosage:</i> Co-dydramol 1 to 2 tablets every 6 hours when required up to a maximum of 4 times per day. Do not take more than 8 tablets in 24 hours.</span>

<span>We recommend that you step down pain relief and substitute these tablets for paracetamol as soon as possible which is usually after 3-4 days. Since these tablets contain paracetamol you should not take any other paracetamol tablets at the same time.</span>
<span>Do not drink alcohol whilst taking co-dydramol.</span>

<i>What are the side effects?</i>

<span>The most common side effects of dihydrocodeine are drowsiness, constipation, feeling sick or dry mouth. You may be advised to take a gentle laxative if you experience constipation whilst taking co-dydramol.</span>

<i>Is it safe to use during while breastfeeding?</i>

<span>Dihydrocodeine can be used during breastfeeding as a pain killer where paracetamol has not been effective. Use the minimum effective does for the least amount of time.</span>

<span>IMPORTANT: Although there is a small dose of dihydrocodeine in these co-dydramol tablets, if you are breastfeeding whilst taking it, inform your midwife immediately if your baby is showing signs of increased drowsiness, difficulty feeding, breathing problems or anything else unusual. Research has shown that some babies may be more susceptible than others to these side effects.</span>

<span>If you would like any further information regarding the use of dihydrocodeine while breastfeeding, please discuss it with your midwife/doctor.</span>
<h3>c) Ibuprofen</h3>
<i>What is it used for?</i>

<span>Ibuprofen is anti-inflammatory drug used to treat inflammation in a variety of
conditions. It is commonly used after birth to help ease pain and inflammation.</span>

<i>How do I take it?</i>
<span>Swallow tablets whole, with a glass of water. Take the tablets with, or after, food.</span>

<span><i>Dosage:</i> Adults: 400mg three times a day, 8 hours apart, is often prescribed after a procedure. If you have been given a diclofenac suppository after birth or a procedure, you cannot start ibuprofen until 18 hours later.</span>

<span>The dose can be reduced to 200mg three times a day when the pain improves.</span>

<i>Who should not use ibuprofen?</i>

<span>Women with any of the following conditions should consult a doctor, midwife, or pharmacist before taking ibuprofen if there is history of:</span>
<ul>
 	<li>asthma or breathing problems</li>
 	<li>previous stomach ulcer</li>
 	<li>previous reaction to aspirin, diclofenac and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)</li>
 	<li>other medical conditions, e.g. kidney disease, heart disease, blood clotting disorders, liver disease.</li>
</ul>
<i>What are the side effects?</i>

<span>Common side effects include headache, dizziness, feeling sick and diarrhoea.</span>

<span>IMPORTANT: Stop taking the medicine and seek immediate help if you:</span>
<ul>
 	<li>pass blood in your faeces (stools/motions)</li>
 	<li>pass black tarry stools</li>
 	<li>vomit blood or dark particles that look like coffee grounds</li>
 	<li>suffer any allergic reaction such as itching, drowsiness, swelling of the face, lips, tongue, mouth or throat, which may in turn cause shortness of breath or difficult swallowing.</li>
</ul>
<span>Ibuprofen is considered as a suitable treatment option whilst breastfeeding.</span>

<h2>2. Ferrous Sulphate (Iron supplements)</h2>
<i>What is it used for?</i>

<span>Iron supplements are used to treat iron deficiency anaemia. When the body does not get enough iron, it cannot produce the number of normal red blood cells needed to keep you in good health. It is common for women who are pregnant or who have just given birth to have this condition. These medicines work by replacing body iron. Iron is a mineral that the body needs to produce red blood cells.</span>

<i>How should I take it?</i>
<span>Swallow the tablets who with water. Although iron preparations are best absorbed on an empty stomach, they may be taken after food to reduce the effects on the stomach. Iron supplements should not be taken within one hour before or two hours after eating or drinking the following products: tea, coffee, milk, eggs and wholegrains. These products can reduce the absorption of iron.</span>

<span><i>Dosage:</i> Ferrous sulphate 200 mg tablets</span>
<span>Treatment of iron deficiency anaemia: 1 tablet 2-3 times a day.</span>
<span>Prevention of iron deficiency anaemia: 1 tablet per day.</span>

<i>What are the side effects?</i>

<span>Like all medicines, ferrous sulphate tablets may cause side effects, the most common of which are constipation, diarrhoea, stomach pain, feeling sick and blackened stools (faeces).</span>

<i>Is it safe to use during breastfeeding?</i>

<span>Ferrous sulphate tablets are commonly used safely while breastfeeding. Ensure that you do not take more than the recommended dose.</span>

<span>If you cannot tolerate ferrous sulphate tablets, an alternative is available called ferrous fumarate. This is available as a liquid or tablets. The same side effect and safety information applies as above for ferrous sulphate.</span>

<h2>3. Laxatives</h2>
<i>What are they used for?</i>

<span>Laxatives are used to treat constipation.</span>

<i>What else can I do to prevent becoming constipated?</i>

<span>The following hints are helpful in maintaining regular bowel habits:</span>
<ul>
 	<li>Eat fibre-containing foods, e.g. wholegrain bread, fruit and vegetables.</li>
 	<li>Drink sufficient liquid, preferably water.</li>
 	<li>Take regular exercise.</li>
</ul>
<span>Laxatives may be prescribed after birth. If you think that you need a laxative discuss with your midwife or doctor.</span>

<i>What are the side effects?</i>

<span>Common side effects of laxative include feeling bloated, increased wind (gas) and mild abdominal pain.</span>

<span>Commonly used laxatives in pregnancy/after birth:</span>
<h3>a) Lactulose</h3>
<span>Lactulose is a liquid laxative used to treat and prevent constipation. Lactulose can take 2-3 days to have an effect; it is generally considered to be a gentle laxative.</span>

<span><i>Dosage:</i> Usually 10 mls twice daily. It must be taken regularly to have an effect.</span>
<h3>b) Fybogel (Ispaghula husk)</h3>
<span>Fybogel is a high fibre drink that works to increase the fibre in your diet. Increased fibre in the diet helps to gently relieve constipation. Fybogel is considered to be a gentle laxative. It is important to maintain an adequate intake of fluid whilst using Fybogel.</span>

<span><i>Dosage:</i> The usual dose is one sachet mixed with a glass of water, up to twice daily.</span>

<i>Is it safe to use Lactulose or Fybogel after birth?</i>

<span>Lactulose and Fybogel are not absorbed into the blood and only have a local effect on the gut. Both drugs are generally considered safe to use while breastfeeding, under the advice of a midwife or doctor.</span>

<h2>4. Blood clot prevention</h2>
<span>Enoxaparin (also known as Clexane) is used to prevent blood clots. Blood clots usually present as deep vein thrombosis (DVT) usually in a leg vein, or pulmonary embolism (PE), a blood clot in the lung. Blood clots are more common during pregnancy and some women will be more at risk of blood clots than others. As well as prevention, enoxaparin is also used at higher doses for treatment of DVT and PE.</span>

<i>Is it safe to use during breastfeeding?</i>
<span>Enoxaparin is given as an injection just beneath the skin (subcutaneous). It is usually injected into a skin fold in your abdomen (stomach) or the upper part of your thigh. If this is not suitable, you may be advised to inject into an alternative site. It should not be injected into your muscles. It may be given either once or twice daily. You should adminster the dose at the time recommended by your doctor.</span>

<i>How is exonaparin used after birth/caesarean section?</i>
<span>If you have, or develop risk factors at the time of the birth, you may be started on enoxaparin. Examples of possible risk factors would be having a caesarean section or infection. If you were on enoxaparin during pregnancy, your doctor will want you to stay on the same treatment after the birth. They will inform you how long to continue this treatment.</span>

<i>How to inject Enoxaparin (Clexane)</i>
<span>You will be able to inject enoxaparin once you have been shown how to do so by your doctor or midwife, or by following the instruction leaflet that will be given to you upon discharge. It is a simple process and one that you can do at home.</span>
<span>Follow these steps:</span>
<ul>
 	<li>Wash and dry your hands.</li>
 	<li>Clean the injection site. If someone else is doing it for you it is advisable that they wear gloves.</li>
 	<li>Choose the injection site either on the outer aspect of your left or right thigh or your stomach if advised to do so. It is important that you change the site each time. If there is any oozing of blood at the injection site, apply gentle pressure. Do not rub as this may cause bruising.</li>
 	<li>Dispose of the syringe in the yellow sharps box provided. This box should be kept out of the reach of other people.</li>
</ul>
<div data-cat="goto" class="goto">
<a href="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/2020/05/21/commonly-used-medicines-during-pregnancy/" internal="true">Commonly used medicines during pregnancy</a>
</div>

<span>Produced by pharmacists at Chelsea and Westminster Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and used with permission.</span>

Commonly used medicines after birth

<h1>Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE)</h1>
<img src="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/3.4.4.jpg" alt="Woman's hand holding her leg below the knee" width="650" height="406" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-3430" />
<h2>Are you at increased risk of developing a blood clot?</h2>
<span style="font-weight: 400;">After giving birth, women are at a slightly increased risk of developing blood clots in the veins in their legs, known as deep vein thrombosis (DVT). This risk is increased for roughly six weeks following birth.</span>

<span style="font-weight: 400;">On rare occasions, these blood clots can become very large and travel in the body to the lungs. This is known as pulmonary embolism (PE) and can be very serious.</span>
<h2>Signs/symptoms:</h2>
<ul>
 	<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">pain/tenderness in the leg behind the knee or in the calf</span></li>
 	<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">feeling of heat in the affected area or a red discolouration of the skin</span></li>
 	<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">swelling of the affected area</span></li>
 	<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">a pulmonary embolism may cause shortness of breath and chest pain, which comes on suddenly and worsens with deep breaths, coughing or chest movement.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-weight: 400;">If you have any of these symptoms you should speak to a health professional immediately, or attend your local A&amp;E department.</span>
<h2>Treatment</h2>
<span style="font-weight: 400;">These conditions are serious and will require urgent treatment in hospital with medications that prevent the clot from getting bigger and breaking off and travelling to another part of the body.</span>
<h2>Prevention:</h2>
<ul>
 	<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">keep mobile and rotate your ankles regularly</span></li>
 	<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">wear compression stockings if your midwife or doctor have advised you to do so</span></li>
 	<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">consider taking short walks when you feel up to it</span></li>
 	<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">stay well hydrated</span></li>
 	<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">avoid sitting/lying down for prolonged periods i.e. in a car/on a train.</span></li>
</ul>
<span>Some women will be prescribed injections to self-administer at home to reduce the risk of blood clots if they are considered to be at a higher risk of developing them.</span>

<span>Staff use a venous thromboembolism risk scoring system to determine each women's risk. These include caesarean section, postpartum haemorrhage, pre-eclampsia and preterm birth, or any family or medical history that makes the risk higher.</span> 

<span>Before you are discharged you will be shown how to administer the pre-filled syringe and safely dispose of the sharp into a sharps container.</span>

<span>If you have been prescribed injections it is very important to complete the course – and to dispose of the needles safely. Your midwife will explain this to you before you go home.</span>
<div data-cat="relatedlinks" class="relatedlinks">

<a href="https://www.nhs.uk/pregnancy/related-conditions/complications/deep-vein-thrombosis/" type="nhs">Blood clots in pregnancy</a>

<a href="https://www.rcog.org.uk/en/patients/patient-leaflets/reducing-the-risk-of-venous-thrombosis-in-pregnancy-and-after-birth/." type="rcog">Reducing the risk of DVT</a>

</div>

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE)

<h1>Feeling unwell</h1>
<img src="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/3.4.5.jpg" alt="Graphic of three mercury thermometers showing no reading, a mid-range reading and a maximum reading" width="650" height="406" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1220" />
<h2>Infections</h2>
<span style="font-weight: 400;">Infections following birth are rare; however some women may contract infections which require treatment with antibiotics. Infections may occur in perineal stitches, caesarean section wounds, the uterus, breasts or in urine and can worsen rapidly. </span>
<h2>Signs/symptoms:</h2>
<ul>
 	<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">a high temperature (more than 37.5°C)</span></li>
 	<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">feeling unusually hot or cold/shivery</span></li>
 	<li><span style="font-size: 1rem;">feeling unusually lethargic and sleepy</span></li>
 	<li><span style="font-size: 1rem;">flu-like aches and pains in the body.</span></li>
</ul>
<h2>Stitches or caesarean wound infection</h2>
<span style="font-weight: 400;">If your stitches or wound are infected you may notice pus, an offensive smell or an unusual amount of pain or tenderness in the area. You may also notice the skin is red and hot to touch.  </span>
<h2>Uterine infection</h2>
<span style="font-weight: 400;">An infection in the uterus may cause symptoms of excessive vaginal bleeding, passing of clots and offensive smelling blood loss. You may also note severe pain and/or heat on touching the lower abdomen. </span>
<h2>Breast infection</h2>
<span style="font-weight: 400;">If breasts become infected (known as mastitis) they may appear red, swollen and be painful/hot to touch. You may notice a burning sensation during feeds. Seek help urgently and read more about this here.</span>
<div data-cat="goto" class="goto">

<a internal="true" href="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/2018/08/21/829/">Breast changes</a>

</div>
<h2>Urinary infections</h2>
<span style="font-weight: 400;">Symptoms include the increased need to pass urine or pain on passing urine.</span>

<span style="font-weight: 400;"><b>If you are experiencing any of these symptoms please speak to your midwife or GP urgently, or attend the local maternity triage/assessment unit where you had your baby.</b></span>

<h2>Other infections</h2>
<span>If you experience other infections not directly linked to having had a baby, like a severe cold/flu or chest infection, or diarrhoea and vomiting, seek help urgently.</span>

<h2>Deep vein thrombosis/Pulmonary embolism</h2>
<span>Read more about this here.</span>

<div data-cat="goto" class="goto"> 
<a href="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/2018/08/21/deep-vein-thrombosis/" internal="true">Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE)</a>
</div>

<div data-cat="goto" class="goto">

<a href="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/2018/08/06/maternity-units/" internal="true">Explore maternity units</a>

</div>

Feeling unwell

<h1>Healthy eating after birth</h1>
<img src="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/vegetable-skewer-3317055_650x406-300x187.jpg" alt="vegetable kebab skewers" width="300" height="187" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-13074" />

<span>Eating healthily after the birth of your baby is as important as it was during pregnancy. Eating a balanced diet with plenty of clear fluids helps your body to recover. Speak to your midwife, health visitor, infant feeding specialist or GP if you have specific concerns relating to weight loss, diabetes or breastfeeding.</span>

<div data-cat="video" class="videoplayer">Nutrition after pregnancy from Nutribytes
<iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/GI0_7QJtzTc?rel=0" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></div>

Healthy eating after birth

<h1>Heart health after giving birth</h1>
<img src="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/heart-66893_650x406.jpg" alt="Graphic of red heart with a jigsaw shaped piece missing" width="650" height="406" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-11636" />
<span>Chest pain in pregnancy and/or after your baby's birth should never be ignored. Some chest pain can be serious and can head to a heart attack, heart failure, cardiac arrest or even death. Most women do not suffer from these conditions during or after pregnancy but it is important to recognise the symptoms and, if you have any of them, to seek treatment quickly.</span>
<h2>Pre-exisiting heart conditions</h2>
<span>If you have a known heart condition, were born with a congenial heart defect or have been diagnosed with heart disease, your midwife/GP/cardiologist will monitor your heart health before, during and after pregnancy.</span>

<h2>Symptoms of a heart attack can include:</h2>
<ul>
<li>central chest pain</li>
<li>arm pain or numbness</li>
<li>pain in the jaw, back or shoulders</li>
<li>nausea</li>
<li>sweating/clamminess</li>
<li>breathing difficulties</li>
</ul>
<span>Some people experience indigestion-like chest or throat pain that does not respond to indigestion remedies.</span>

<h2>When should I contact the midwife or doctor?</h2>
<span>If you feel unwell, contact your midwife or GP for guidance. If you experience some/all of the above symptoms, dial 999 and ask for an ambulance as yoru heart health needs to be investigated quickly. An ECG monitor and a troponin blood test should be carried out to find out if you have had a heart attack.</span>

<h2>When am I more likely to have a heart attack?</h2>
<span>You are more likely to have a heart attack if you:</span>
<ul>
<li>have a family history of heart problems</li>
<li>have high blood pressure</li>
<li>have high cholesterol</li>
<li>smoke</li>
<li>drink excessively</li>
<li>are obese</li>
</ul>
<span>Rarely, women with no risk factors or history of heart disease in their family will experience heart attack symptoms.</span>
<span>Heart attack symptoms are pregnancy should never been ignored. Contact your midwife or GP for further advice.</span>

<div data-cat="relatedlinks" class="relatedlinks">

<a href="https://www.bhf.org.uk/informationsupport/heart-matters-magazine/medical/women/pregnancy-and-heart-disease">Pregnancy and heart conditions</a>

<a href="https://www.bhf.org.uk/informationsupport/heart-matters-magazine/medical/women/misdiagnosis-of-heart-attacks-in-women">Misdiagnosis of heart attacks in women</a>

<a href="https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/heart-attack/" type="nhs">Heart disease in pregnancy</a>

<a href="https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/pregnancy-and-baby/coronary-heart-disease-pregnant/">More on heart disease in pregnancy</a>

<a href="https://www.tommys.org/pregnancy-information/im-pregnant/pregnancy-news-and-blogs/pregnant-women-should-be-aware-heart-disease-symptoms" type="tommy's">Heart disease symptoms</a>
</div>

Heart health after giving birth

<h1>Pelvic floor exercises</h1>
<img src="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/3.4.7.jpg" alt="Cross section diagram of female abdomen showing where the pelvic floor muscles are located" width="650" height="406" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1228" />
<span style="font-weight: 400;">The pelvic floor muscles support your pelvic organs, stabilise the pelvic joints and are responsible for the control of bladder and bowel functions. These muscles are stretched during pregnancy and birth – which can sometimes lead to weakness or dysfunction during pregnancy and particularly after birth.</span>
<span style="font-weight: 400;">Strengthening these muscles will:</span>
<ul>
 	<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">maintain or improve bladder and bowel control</span></li>
 	<li><span style="font-size: 1rem;">reduce the risk of prolapse of the pelvic organs</span></li>
 	<li><span style="font-size: 1rem;">help to stabilise the joints of the pelvis and lower spine.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-weight: 400;">Exercises should be started as soon as your catheter (if you have had one) is removed and you have passed urine. The exercises can help reduce swelling and pain as well as treat/prevent incontinence. They should be completed at least three times a day. It can take up to three months for the muscles to regain their strength.</span>
<h2>How to do your pelvic floor exercises</h2>
<span style="font-weight: 400;">Lay or sit down comfortably and begin by imagining you are trying to stop yourself from passing wind/urine by squeezing the muscles around the back passage and vagina. Don’t do this whilst on the toilet, and don’t hold your urine as this can lead to problems with bladder function. You should work this muscle in two ways:</span>
<ul>
 	<li>Hold the squeeze for a few seconds and then relax. Repeat this up to 10 times, gradually holding the squeeze for longer (up to 10 seconds).</li>
 	<li>Squeeze and release straight away. Repeat this 10 times.</li>
</ul>

<div data-cat="relatedlinks" class="relatedlinks">

<a href="http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/pregnancy-and-baby/Pages/your-body-after-childbirth.aspx" type="nhs">Your post-pregnancy body</a>

<a href="http://www.squeezyapp.com/">Information on the Squeezy app</a>

<a href="https://thepogp.co.uk/patients/pelvic_health_advice/pelvic_floor_muscles.aspx">Pelvic floor exercises</a>
</div>

Pelvic floor exercises

<h1>Perineal after-care</h1>
<img src="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/3.4.2.1.jpg" alt="Close up of hands covered in soap lather being rinsed under a running tap" width="650" height="406" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1216" />
<ul>
 	<li><span style="font-weight: 400;"><b>Always wash your hands</b> before caring for your stitches or changing your sanitary towels. This is particularly important if anyone in your household has a cough or cold</span></li>
 	<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">shower or bath daily if possible for the first two weeks. Prolonged bathing can cause the stitches to dissolve too quickly. Rinse with warm water and avoid soaps and perfumed products. Dry with a clean towel and avoid rubbing the area</span></li>
 	<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">do not apply any creams, salts, oils or lotions to the stitches</span></li>
 	<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">sanitary towels should be changed frequently, and leaving the stitches exposed to the air can assist with healing</span></li>
 	<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">when passing urine, some mild stinging can be expected in the first few days. Avoid dehydration which can worsen this sensation. Rinsing with plain water during or after urination may reduce this discomfort</span></li>
 	<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">when opening your bowels the stitches won’t come apart. Avoid constipation or excessive straining and ensure good personal hygiene is maintained to reduce the risk of infection
</span></li>
 	<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">mild/moderate discomfort is to be expected in the first few days after birth and can be relieved with common pain relief medications such as paracetamol and/or ibuprofen. Please speak to your midwife regarding the recommended dose and other methods to relieve discomfort of your stitches
</span></li>
 	<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">using ice can reduce inflammation and pain. You can use ice wrapped in a clean towel or use a sanitary pad that has been placed in the freezer for couple of hours. Place over the tender part of your perineum for 10 minutes. Repeat the process three to four times each day for the first few days</span></li>
 	<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">if your stitches are gaping, oozing, severely painful, offensive in smell or unusually hot, please contact your GP, midwife or local maternity triage/assessment unit urgently.</span></li>
</ul>
<div data-cat="video" class="videoplayer">

Recovering from tearing

<iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/ZTS7Qud6yZY?rel=0&amp;showinfo=0" frameborder="0" allow="autoplay; encrypted-media" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe>

</div>

<div data-cat="goto" class="goto">
<a href="https://mumandbabyaccessible.imagineear.com/2018/08/21/understanding-perineal-tears/" internal="true">Understanding perineal tears</a>

</div>

Perineal after-care

<h1>Pregnancy conditions affecting you after birth</h1>
<img src="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/3.4.1.jpg" alt="Graphic of a profile of the same woman shown five times in different stages of pregnancy and then shown with a baby in her arms" width="650" height="406" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1213" />
<span style="font-weight: 400;">Some of the medical conditions that occur in pregnancy can have an impact on your pregnancy, but also your future health and wellbeing. If you have experienced any of these conditions, please take some time to read this information.</span>
<div data-cat="submenu" class="submenu">

<a href="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/2018/08/20/793/">Pre-eclampsia (PET) after birth</a>

<a href="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/2018/08/20/gestational-diabetes-2/">Gestational diabetes after birth</a>

<a href="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/2018/08/20/intrahepatic-cholestasis-of-pregnancy/">Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (obstetric cholestasis) after birth</a>

<a href="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/2018/08/20/epilepsy/">Epilepsy</a>

<a href="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/2020/04/27/spontaneous-coronary-artery-dissection-scad-2/">Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) after birth</a>
</div>

<div data-cat="relatedlinks" class="relatedlinks">

<a href="https://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/mental-health/treatments-and-wellbeing/perinatal-care-
and-covid-19">Mental health and wellbeing concerns</a>

<a href="https://www.btf-thyroid.org/pregnancy-and-thyroid-disorders-guidance-for-patients">Thyroid disease and pregnancy</a>

<a href="https://www.crohnsandcolitis.org.uk/about-crohns-and-colitis/publications/pregnancy-ibd">Crohn's Disease, Ulcerative Colitis and other forms of inflammatory bowel disease</a>
</div>

Pregnancy conditions affecting you after birth

<h1>Pressure sores</h1>
<img src="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/bed-soresv2-300x187.jpg" alt="Close up of woman's back showing large areas of red skin" width="300" height="187" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-10012" />
<span>Pressure ulcers, also known as bed sores or pressure sores, are areas of damage to the skin and deeper layers of tissue.</span>
<span>Pressure ulcers may cause pain or become infected leading to a longer hospital stay.</span>
<span>Pressure ulcers are caused by a combination of:</span>
<span><b>Pressure:</b> body weight and some medical equipment can squash the skin and damage the blood supply to the area. Lying or sitting in one position for a long period of time can cause this.</span>
<span><b>Shearing:</b> sliding down the bed or chair can damage the skin and deeper layers of tissue. The skin may split or break.</span>
<span>Pressure ulcers can develop anywhere in the body but are more commonly found over boney areas such as bottom, heels, elbows, hips, ankles, spine, back of the head and shoulder blades. Usually people can relieve the effects of pressure and shearing by turning in bed and getting out of bed. You may be at risk of developing pressure ulcers if you stay in the same position for too long. Ask your healthcare professional or partner to help you move around safely. Ensure your clothing or bedding is not too tight so that you can move freely.</span>
<span>Early signs of pressure ulcers will appear as: a change in skin colour (redder or darker), change in skin temperature (hotter or colder) discomfort or pain, blistering and skin damage. You can check your own skin for signs of pressure ulcers, if you notice anything different on your skin, please contact your healthcare professional.</span>
<span>Whilst in hospital, your healthcare professional team will perform a risk and skin assessment to see if you are at risk of developing a pressure ulcer. After the birth, you can ask your healthcare professional to look at your skin if you feel any discomfort.</span>
<h2>Protect your skin</h2>
<ul>
<li>Keep your skin clean and dry. Wash your skin every day using mild soap and warm water. Do not use heavily perfumed soap or talcum powder, as these can soak up the skin’s natural oils leading to vulnerable dry areas.</li>
<li>If you suffer from incontinence please inform your healthcare team as they can assess the best way to support you.
Rubbing and massaging skin is bad for it.</li> 
<li>If you are given compression stockings (TEDS) to wear, do not allow them to roll down as this can cause pressure and skin damage. Remove the stockings once a day to wash, moisturise and inspect your skin.</li>
</ul>
<span>Ensure you continue to eat and well balanced diet and drink plenty of fluids.</span>

<div data-cat="relatedlinks" class="relatedlinks"><a href="https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/pressure-sores/" type="nhs">Pressure sores</a></div>


Pressure sores

<h1>Recovery from caesarean birth</h1>
<img src="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/3.4.3.jpg" alt="Close up of woman's tummy showing a caesarean scar" width="650" height="406" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1218" />

<span style="font-weight: 400;">Following a caesarean you may feel sore and swollen for a few days. To help with pain, regular pain relief is recommended in combination with early and gentle movement.</span>

<span style="font-weight: 400;"><b>Always wash your hands</b> before caring for your caesarean wound.</span>

<span style="font-weight: 400;">Your scar will take up to six weeks to heal, and to assist with healing you should:</span>
<ul>
 	<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">look out for any signs of infection such as severe pain, parting of the wound, redness, oozing of pus and bleeding</span></li>
 	<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">bath or shower daily and clean your incision site gently with warm water and pat dry</span></li>
 	<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">keep the scar dry and exposed to the air when possible</span></li>
 	<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">wear loose, comfortable clothing and cotton underwear </span></li>
 	<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">avoid lifting anything heavier than your baby.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-weight: 400;">Gentle activity such as a daily walk is recommended to prevent the formation of blood clots. Advice on resuming exercise can be found elsewhere in this section.</span>
<div data-cat="relatedlinks" class="relatedlinks">

<a type="nhs" href="http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Caesarean-section/Pages/Recovery.aspx">Recovery from caesarean</a>

</div>

Recovery from caesarean birth

<h1>Resuming sex and contraception</h1>
<img src="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/3.4.8.jpg" alt="Couple on a sofa together in a hug" width="650" height="406" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1229" />

<span>After you have had a baby it is important to wait until you and your partner feel happy, ready and comfortable before resuming sexual intercourse. The timing of this will be individual to each couple. Some factors may increase the time you choose to wait before having intercourse. If the birth has been traumatic, physically or mentally, it may take longer for you to feel ready to have intercourse.</span>

<span>Some women have reduced interest in intercourse following childbirth, particularly if breastfeeding. More often than not your libido will slowly return to what was normal for you. A lasting low libido can be a sign of postnatal depression or post-birth trauma. It can help to talk to your partner, midwife, friends, family, health visitor, or GP to see what help and support might be available.</span>

<span>Many women find that sex is painful after birth, and that they are less lubricated naturally than they were before. Using a lubricant can help, as can taking it gently and communicating with your partner. If sex continues to be painful, you can always seek support from your healthcare provider. Intimacy can take on many forms and does not necessarily need to include penetrative vaginal intercourse. Kissing, 
foreplay, cuddling, mutual masturbation, oral sex and other forms of intimate play can 
be less pressured whilst helping you to connect with your partner.</span>

<span>It is possible to become pregnant again from just three weeks after the birth even if you have not had a period and are breastfeeding, therefore it is important to consider using contraception to avoid an unplanned pregnancy. Research suggests that becoming pregnant again within 12 months of having a baby can increase the chance of your baby being small for gestation, premature or even stillborn.</span>

<span>Some maternity units are able to supply contraception before you are discharged home from the hospital. Your midwife will discuss your options during your pregnancy as it is easier to think about these before the arrival of your baby. Babies can be time-consuming and it may be difficult to access reliable contraception once you are home. All of the methods listed below are safe whilst breastfeeding. Ask your midwife for information on what is currently available in your maternity unit.</span>

<span>Intrauterine contraception can be inserted at a planned (elective) caesarean section. A device (coil) is inserted into your uterus after birth and can remain there providing reliable contraception for 5 to 10 years, depending on the type (hormonal or non-hormonal).</span>

<span>An implant, which is a matchstick sized rod inserted under the skin of your upper arm, can also befitted before discharge. The implant slowly releases progestogen hormone and provides reliable contraception for 3 years. The benefit of these methods which are known as long acting reversible contraception (LARC) is that you don’t need to remember to use contraception every day and therefore they have very low failure rates. Both intrauterine contraception and implants can be removed at any time at your GP Practice or local Family Planning/Sexual Health Services.</span>

<span>Alternatively, a six month supply of progestogen-only pills or a progestogen-only injection which provides contraception for 13 weeks can be made. The failure rates of both these methods are much higher if they are not taken exactly as recommended, for example if you forget to take pills or do not receive your next injection when it is due. Your GP practice or local Family Planning or Sexual Health Clinic can provide you with further supplies of these methods.</span>

<span>Ask your midwife about the advantages and disadvantages of each method to help you decide which method might be suitable for you.</span>

<span>Find further information here:</span>
<a href="https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/baby/support-and-services/sex-and-contraception-after-birth/">Sex and contraception after birth</a>

<div data-cat="video" class="videoplayer">

When can we have sex again after birth?

<iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/VnGfuJQdpys?rel=0&amp;showinfo=0" frameborder="0" allow="autoplay; encrypted-media" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe>

</div>

Resuming sex and contraception

<h1>Returning to exercise</h1>
<img src="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/3.4.9.jpg" alt="Close up of the back of woman's legs as she pushes a pram" width="650" height="406" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1230" />

<span style="font-weight: 400;">Exercise is an important aspect of a healthy lifestyle and generally the time you can resume exercise is a matter of personal choice. If you’ve had a caesarean it is important to wait at least eight weeks. Most women choose to wait until after their six week postnatal check with the GP before resuming exercise. </span>

<span style="font-weight: 400;">When you start exercising it is important to remember to:</span>
<ul>
 	<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">stop if it hurts</span></li>
	<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">stop if you have any pelvic floor concerns, eg, if you notice any leakage of urine or experience a feeling of vaginal heaviness during exercise</span></li>
 	<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">stop when you are tired</span></li>
 	<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">never exercise when you are feeling unwell.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-weight: 400;">Try to avoid high impact exercise (jogging and jumping) for at least three months after birth. High impact exercise can put unnecessary strain on muscles, joints and the pelvic floor.</span>

<span style="font-weight: 400;">Find out if there are any local postnatal exercise, yoga or Pilates classes near you. This can help with motivation and provide a social outlet.</span>

<span style="font-weight: 400;">Remember that each woman’s recovery after birth is different, and avoid comparing yourself to others or setting unrealistic goals. Trying to incorporate gentle exercise into your daily activities is a great start, and it’s important to have plenty of rest as well.</span>

<div data-cat="relatedlinks" class="relatedlinks">

<a type="nhs" href="https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/pregnancy-and-baby/keeping-fit-and-healthy">Keeping fit and healthy</a>

<a type="rcog" href="https://www.rcog.org.uk/for-the-public/browse-our-patient-information/being-overweight-in-pregnancy-and-after-birth/">Being overweight in pregnancy and birth</a>

<a href="https://thepogp.co.uk/Resources/119/fit_for_the_future">Fit for the future</a>

</div>

Returning to exercise

<h1>Sepsis after birth</h1>
<img src="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/sepsis-300x187.jpg" alt="Sepsis infection particles under a microscope" width="300" height="187" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-6118" />

<span>Infection in pregnancy and/or after your baby’s birth should never be ignored. Some infections can progress to a more serious situation known as sepsis, where the infection spreads to the blood stream and through the whole body. If left untreated sepsis can lead to shock, organ failure and death. Whilst most women do not suffer from infection or sepsis during or after pregnancy, it needs to be recognised and treated quickly if they do.</span>
<h2>Signs of sepsis</h2>
<span>The first signs of infection are usually a rise in your temperature, heart rate and breathing. You may also feel unwell, have chills and flu-like symptoms and a worrying pain in your tummy and/or diarrhoea. Sepsis can progress very quickly so it is important to seek advice if you are concerned about your health.</span>
<h2>How can infection in pregnancy or after childbirth be prevented?</h2>
<span>Good personal hygiene helps. This can include: daily showers/baths, proper hand washing and drying, perineal hygiene to include keeping the perineal area (between the vagina and back passage) clean, dry with frequent changes of maternity/sanitary pads. It is important to wash your hands before and after going to the toilet and changing maternity/sanitary pads.</span>
<h2>When am I more likely to get an infection or sepsis?</h2>
<span>Sepsis may happen in pregnancy or after your baby is born. The risk of getting an infection is increased in the following circumstances:</span>
<ul>
 	<li>After having a miscarriage or an ERPC (ERPC - evacuation of retained products of conception is a surgical procedure to remove tissue from the womb)</li>
 	<li>Premature rupture of membranes (when your waters break long before your baby is due)</li>
 	<li>If your waters break more than 24 hours before your baby is born</li>
 	<li>If you develop a urine infection (UTI)</li>
 	<li>If your baby was born prematurely/early (before its due date)</li>
 	<li>After you have had your baby – this is the most common time for serious infection to develop; especially if you had your baby by an emergency caesarean section, by forceps or vacuum delivery, or if you had a perineal wound or an episiotomy).</li>
</ul>
<h2>When should I contact the midwife or doctor?</h2>
<span>You should contact your GP or the maternity unit if you are worried, unwell and/or if you notice any of the following:</span>
<ul>
 	<li>Pain/burning on passing urine or struggling to pass urine, this could be a symptom of a urinary tract infection</li>
 	<li>Vaginal discharge which may be foul smelling and/or an unusual colour, this could be a sign of a genital tract infection (vaginal/womb infection)</li>
 	<li>Abdominal pain that does not seem to be getting better with simple analgesia, this could be a sign of womb/wound infection or abscess</li>
 	<li>Chills, flu type symptoms or feeling faint and unwell</li>
	<li>Fast breathing or shortness of breath</li>
 	<li>Fast heart rate</li>
	<li>Persistent cough with or with sputum, shortness of breath or chest pain could be a sign of chest infection or pulmonary embolism (blood clot in the lung)</li>
 	<li>A wound that is not healing well, broken down or is red</li>
	<li>Severe pain in one area of breast</li>
 	<li>Diarrhoea</li>
 	<li>Sudden increase in vaginal bleeding (after your baby is born).</li>
</ul>
<span>Contact the maternity unit where you gave birth, your midwife or GP for urgent advice.</span>
<span>For more information:</span>
<div data-cat="goto" class="goto"><a href="https://sepsistrust.org/about/about-sepsis/faqs/">UK Sepsis Trust</a></div>

Sepsis after birth

<h1>Sleep</h1>
<img src="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/3.4.10.jpg" alt="Sleeping woman hugging a pillow" width="650" height="406" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1214" />

<span style="font-weight: 400;">Some tips for coping with lack of sleep:</span>
<h2>Deep relaxation</h2>
<ul>
 	<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">as little as five to ten minutes of deep relaxation can refresh you</span></li>
 	<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">you can learn relaxation techniques online</span></li>
 	<li><span style="font-weight: 400;"> sleep when your baby sleeps</span></li>
 	<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">rest when your child has a daytime rest.</span></li>
</ul>
<h2>Sharing responsibility</h2>
<ul>
 	<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">where possible, share the responsibility of getting up in the night with your partner</span></li>
 	<li><span style="font-weight: 400;"> if you're on your own, see if a friend or relative may be prepared to have your children overnight occasionally.</span><span style="color: #666666; font-size: 1.25rem;"></span></li>
</ul>
<h2>Excessive tiredness</h2>
<ul>
 	<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">excessive tiredness or difficulty coping with tiredness can be a sign of postnatal depression. Please read the section on <b style="font-size: 1rem;">Your emotional wellbeing</b> if you think you or your partner may have symptoms of postnatal depression.</span></li>
</ul>
<div data-cat="goto" class="goto">

<a href="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/2018/09/13/your-emotional-health-and-wellbeing-after-birth/" internal="true">Emotional wellbeing</a>
</div>

<div data-cat="relatedlinks" class="relatedlinks">

<a type="nhs" href="https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/pregnancy-and-baby/sleep-and-tiredness/">Sleep and tiredness after having a baby</a>

</div>

Sleep

<h1>Your physical health and wellbeing after birth</h1>
<img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1231" src="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/3.4.jpg" alt="Mother leans on pram handle to look in at her baby" width="650" height="406" />
<div class="submenu" data-cat="submenu">

<a href="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/2018/08/20/pregnancy-conditions-affecting-you-after-birth/">Pregnancy conditions affecting you after birth</a>

<a href="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/2018/08/21/perineal-after-care/">Perineal after-care</a>

<a href="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/2023/03/22/recovery-from-vaginal-or-assisted-birth/">Recovery from vaginal or assisted birth</a>

<a href="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/2018/08/21/recovery-from-caesarean-birth/">Recovery from caesarean birth</a>

<a href="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/2018/08/21/deep-vein-thrombosis/">Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE)</a>

<a href="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/2018/08/21/feeling-unwell/">Feeling unwell</a>

<a href="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/2019/06/11/sepsis-2/">Sepsis after birth</a>

<a href="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/2020/05/14/heart-health-after-giving-birth/">Heart health after giving birth</a>

<a href="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/2020/03/30/pressure-sores/">Pressure sores</a>

<a href="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/2018/08/21/common-physical-concerns-after-birth/">Common physical concerns after birth</a>

<a href="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/2020/05/21/commonly-used-medicines-after-birth/">Commonly used medicines after birth</a>

<a href="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/2018/08/21/pelvic-floor-exercises-2/">Pelvic floor exercises</a>

<a href="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/2018/08/22/844/">Resuming sex and contraception</a>

<a href="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/2020/08/05/healthy-eating-after-birth/">Healthy eating after birth</a>

<a href="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/2018/08/22/returning-to-exercise/">Returning to exercise</a>

<a href="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/2018/08/22/sleep/">Sleep</a>

</div>

Your physical health and wellbeing after birth

<h1>After your baby is born</h1>
<div data-cat="submenu" class="submenu">

<a href="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/2018/09/13/postnatal-care-explained/">Postnatal care explained</a>

<a href="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/2018/08/18/feeding-your-baby/">Feeding your baby</a>

<a href="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/2018/09/13/caring-for-your-baby/">Caring for your baby</a>

<a href="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/2018/09/13/your-physical-health-and-wellbeing-after-birth/">Your physical health and wellbeing after birth</a>

<a href="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/2018/09/13/your-emotional-health-and-wellbeing-after-birth/">Your emotional health and wellbeing after birth</a>

<a href="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/2018/09/13/relationships/">Relationships after birth</a>

<a href="https://admin.mumandbaby.uk/2018/09/13/baby-practicalities/">Baby and other practicalities</a>

</div>


COOKIE SETTINGS

MANAGE COOKIE PREFERENCE

After your baby is born